and gnashing of teeth.” The reason they are rejected is not explicit within
this saying, but in the context in which Matthew has placed it it must be
linked with the fact that Jesus has not found in Israel faith like that of the
centurion. Thus belonging to the kingdom of heaven is found to depend not
on ancestry but on faith.
Such, in brief, is the traditional understanding of this saying. It is, to my mind,
one which fits well both with the narrative context into which Matthew has
placed it, the “faith” of a Gentile which is greater than that of anyone in Israel,
and also the wider theology of the reconstituted people of God which will
develop throughout this gospel and which is one of its most distinctive motifs.
But not all interpreters agree. Three issues need to be addressed: (a) Does the
language justify a reference to the messianic banquet? (b) Are the “many from
east and west” really to be understood as Gentiles? (c) Who are the “sons of the
kingdom”?
(a) The setting is explicitly “the kingdom of heaven,” which we have seen to be
a term with a broad range of reference (see on 3:2). It is that situation where God
is recognized as king, his will is done and his purpose achieved. While the term
in Matthew normally refers to the situation on earth where God’s people live
under his sovereignty, there is an important strand of usage in which “entering
the kingdom of heaven” functions as a term for ultimate salvation (5:20; 7:21;
18:3; 19:23–24; 21:31), and in 13:41, 43 the kingdom of the Son of Man and of
the Father denotes the state of final blessedness from which the wicked are
excluded and in which the righteous shine. The closest parallel to this usage,
however, is in 26:29, where Jesus envisages drinking new wine with his disciples
“in the kingdom of my Father” after his death. There is no explicit mention of
food and drink here, but “reclining” (anaklinomai) suggests a meal, probably a
more formal or festive one.⁴ The presence of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob lifts this
above any ordinary meal; Jewish tradition not surprisingly gave them a leading
role at the messianic banquet (b. Pesaḥ. 119b; Exod. Rab. 25:8). The imagery of
the messianic banquet derives from Isa 25:6 (cf. 65:13–14) and was elaborated
in Jewish literature both in the apocalyptic and the rabbinic traditions, but
whereas in Isaiah it was a feast “for all peoples,” Jewish tradition soon made it a
blessing specifically for Israel.⁴¹
(b) While most interpreters follow the line adopted here, that the “many from
east and west” are Gentiles, Davies & Allison, 2.27–28, argue that the reference
is to “unprivileged Jews,” just as in 21:31–32 it is Jewish tax-collectors and
prostitutes who will go into the kingdom of God in front of those of the religious
establishment who have failed to respond to the call of John the Baptist and of
Jesus. That would undoubtedly be a theme congenial to Matthew, but here the
context is decisively against it: the faith commended in v. 10 is that of a Gentile
in specific contrast to Israel.⁴² The chief arguments offered for a Jewish
reference here are that this saying draws on language which in the OT depicts
the regathering of Israel after exile and that in the OT the messianic feast is
associated with the return of diaspora Jews rather than with Gentiles. These
points may be granted, but to establish what OT expressions referred to in their
original context is not to determine the way Jesus or Matthew may have
developed such language (see Gundry, n. 89). It is precisely the force of this
saying that it takes familiar OT categories and deploys them in a new and
shocking direction. The OT gathering of the people of God “from east and west”
(Ps 107:3; Isa 43:5–6; 49:12; cf. Deut 30:4) provides the model for the
ingathering of a new people from all over the world (see further on 24:31), but
that model is no longer restricted to ethnic Israel.⁴³ Such a reangling of OT
motifs is entirely in accord with the consistent NT hermeneutic which
understands the nationalistic and territorial promises of the OT in terms of a new
supra-national people of God, a theme which Davies has himself been in the
forefront of expounding.⁴⁴ The inclusion of Gentiles in the (Jewish) messianic
feast is part of the same theological reorientation. The argument of Davies &
Allison that if the “sons of the kingdom” are Jews in contrast to Gentiles the
saying “consigns all of Israel to perdition” is remarkably literalistic: it is not said
that all the “sons of the kingdom” are excluded, and the presence of the Hebrew
patriarchs at the feast makes it clear that what is here set out is not a Gentile
takeover to the total exclusion of Jews, but a messianic community in which
ancestry has ceased to be the determining factor.⁴⁵
(c) The paradoxical force of the saying depends on these “sons of the kingdom”
being those whom everyone would expect to be included.⁴ When the same term
is used in 13:38 it denotes those who will be saved in distinction from the “sons
of the evil one” who will be rooted out. Here, however, they are those who
should have been saved but who are shockingly declared to be consigned to the
place of the ungodly. Again we are in familiar Matthean territory, those who are
in the position of privilege but who have failed to live up to their calling, and
who will be symbolized by the disobedient son of 21:28–32, the defaulting
tenants of 21:33–44 and those who despised their invitation to the feast in 22:1–
10. All these will be Jewish groups, but the issue as to how far they represent the
whole nation or only its discredited leadership will remain an important
exegetical question when we come to those chapters. We shall note then the need
for a new “nation” to take over the vineyard (21:43), and yet it is clear that Jesus
and his disciples, whom we must assume to represent that new “nation,” are
themselves also Jewish. Here, as there, it is not a simple matter of “Jews out;
Gentiles in.” Rather we are to think of a reconstitution of the true people of God
which is no longer on the basis of racial ancestry, but, as symbolized by the
Gentile centurion, on the basis of faith in Jesus. The words of John the Baptist
on the uselessness of an appeal to Abrahamic ancestry (3:9) have prepared the
way for this radical rethinking of what it means to be the people of God.⁴⁷
The “many from east and west” are pictured here not merely as sharing the
residue of Israel’s eschatological blessings (eating the crumbs that fall from the
children’s table, 15:27), but even as reclining at the same table as the Hebrew
patriarchs who, we are to assume, do not fear ritual defilement by eating with
those who do not share Israel’s purity. It is not suggested apparently that they
come in as proselytes, but that they are accepted simply as Gentiles, on equal
terms with the patriarchs. But if that side of the paradox is shocking to a
traditional Jewish theology, what follows is worse: the “sons of the kingdom”
will find themselves in the place they had reserved for the ungodly. For
“darkness outside” see e.g. 1 En. 103:7; 108:14–15; Ps. Sol. 14:9; 15:10; Exod.
Rab. 14:2 describes darkness as covering the wicked in Gehinnom. For
“weeping and gnashing of teeth”⁴⁸ (a favorite Matthean phrase: cf. 13:42, 50;
22:13; 24:51; 25:30) see 1 En. 108:3, 5; 2 En. 40:12.⁴ In 1 Enoch 108 the
punishment of the wicked is increased by their being able to see the bliss of the
righteous, and the phrase “darkness outside” may be intended to picture the
bright lights of the banquet visible to those who are excluded (cf “you will see”
in the parallel to this saying, Luke 13:28).
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