The emotive charge of adjectives and verbs

2.CORRELATION BETWEEN EMOTIONAL AND EVALUATIVE COMPONENTS IN THE SEMANTICS OF ADJECTIVES IN ENGLISH
Lexical semantics, the study of which the works of famous linguists are devoted to, is of great importance in the study of the content aspect of the language, because it is thanks to the use of a systematic approach in the study of semantic phenomena that the results of scientific research acquire special value and relevance. When elucidating the essence of emotions in linguistics, one has to deal with a large number of different approaches to their definition, which are served by linguists in their research.
So, for example, V. I. Shakhovskoy argues that emotions are one of the forms of reflection of the world, the relationship in which they are to a person, that is, these are not properties of objects and phenomena, but their significance for human life. ³Emotions are a way of assessing this value for a particular person and through it - information about the state of the inner "I", his consciousness and psyche. "Emotions are only where there is interest..." [14, p. 12]. In turn, V.I. Zelvis believes that emotions are such a way of a person’s attitude to the world around him and to himself, which is expressed in the form of direct experience [see. 8, p. 37].
The main principle of enrolling a word in the ranks of emotive vocabulary, according to most linguists, is an external functional feature: if a word expresses the ability to express emotions, then it is emotive. So, the emotive vocabulary differs significantly from the nominative one, because its semantic purpose is not only the nomination of a denotation, but also the expression of the speaker's emotional attitude to the situation of communication or to the subject of speech. Vocabulary naming emotions has an associative-emotive character, since it, without expressing emotions, associatively sends the speaker's consciousness to the sphere of emotions [1, p. 153]. It is only the speaker's logical opinion about feelings, while the vocabulary that expresses emotions is their direct manifestation in speech and is accompanied by the speaker's internal and external experience. It is this type of linguistic means that has an emotive character, their main and integral characteristic is emotiveness.
In linguistics, emotivity is defined as “the semantic property inherent in language to express emotionality as a fact of the psyche, reflected in the semantics of language units, social and individual emotions” [29, p. 142]. V.I. Zhelvis calls emotivity an expression of emotions, in which communication retains its vitality, naturalness, emotionality [see. 8, p. 39].
M. S. Retunskaya argues that emotivity is a linguistic reflection of emotions by means of various language levels, including lexical, which is not only associated with the expression of the emotional-evaluative attitude of the sender of the speech, but is aimed at creating an emotional resonance in the listener [see. 12].
The emotiveness of lexical units plays an important role, because thanks to it their communicative significance is enhanced, enriching, saturating and strengthening the communicative competence of the speaker for a pragmatic impact on the addressee: “And human nature, Dr. Watson – the black ingratitude of it all! When did I ever refuse one of her requests? Was ever a woman so pampered? And that young man - he might have been my own son ... And yet see how they have treated me! Oh Dr. Watson, it is a dreadful, dreadful world!
So, the category of emotivity is a valuable component of the language system and is central to the problem of understanding a linguistic personality, because any human activity is based on emotional experiences that introduce a “hardly perceptible chemical substance” into the vocabulary of the language, which changes their knowledge depending on communicative situations and partners. .⁴
According to V. I. Shakhovsky, emotivity is an important component of language pragmatics, because it vividly embodies its influential function: verbal and non-verbal emotional reactions sensitive to emotional stimuli, which can also be played by emotives - special means of all levels of the language [14].
The correlation of emotivity with such categories close to it as expressiveness and evaluativeness in the modern linguistic paradigm has acquired considerable importance recently, because until now the relationship and difference of their functions in language and speech remains an unresolved problem.
Most researchers also recognize the close relationship of emotiveness with evaluativeness and its main category - evaluation, which for a long time has been and remains the object of study of many sciences. The nature of linguistic and speech evaluation, the patterns of its manifestation and types are still debatable in linguistics.
First of all, this concerns the confusion of the concepts of “evaluation” and “evaluation”, the essence of which is significantly different, because evaluation is a purely linguistic category, while evaluation can be considered among the categories of logic. In this regard, the distinction between linguistic evaluation and extralinguistic evaluation is fundamental.
It has a rather complex structure. The most important feature of any assessment is the obligatory presence of a subjective factor in it, which always interacts with the objective: the assessment is contained wherever the subject of cognition collides with the objective world [2, p. 38]. The subject of evaluation is a person (a group of persons) who attributes value to a certain object by expressing an appropriate assessment. So, thanks to this criterion, the subject praises, condemns or expresses indifference to certain things, and this is what allows us to distribute emotional vocabulary between two asymmetric layers - emosemisms with a positive or negative assessment in their semantics:
“The jarring note was sounded by Mr Gooch. He ate too noisily, drank far too freely, got on Proudfoot's nerves and behaved to Mr Spiller with a kind of veiled insolence which was embarrassing and disagreeable to listen to; His pressure lingered - he would have kissed the hand, so insidious was the scent of the red and white hawthorns in her trim garden ...; The new generation, he thought sadly, did not make love like the old. He hoped there was nothing wrong. Another irritating thought presented itself.”
It should be noted that such differentiation is conditional, because only the identification of the dominant component in a complex psychological state of a person allows us to classify it as a group of positive or negative emotions. Accordingly, such a criterion has a purely linguistic character, because the assessment that exists in the meaning of emotives is not an assessment proper.
At the same time, it is necessary to take into account that the same lexeme is capable of expressing opposite emotions within a certain context, depending on the individual, but within the social experience of the speaker. Linguists call this phenomenon evaluative ambivalence. Evaluation as a linguistic category is its fundamental property, which is directly related to human cognitive activity: “Our thought constantly and deliberately adds an element of evaluation to the slightest perception” [5, p. 66].
In linguistics, evaluativeness should be understood as a positive or negative characteristic of a person, object or phenomenon inherent in the word. It can be implicit (contained in one of the semes of the word) and explicit (characteristic not of a specific word, but of its discursive use). The result of the implementation of the category of appraisal in speech is an appraisal value, which is defined by some linguists as "information containing information about the value attitude of the subject of speech to a certain property, highlighted with respect to one or another aspect of a certain object" [7].
The evaluative meaning in language is opposed to the descriptive as such, which only describes and informs.
Semantically, adjectives are defined as words expressing the meaning of a quality, property, or feature of an object. Their goal is to describe, characterize objects and phenomena from the standpoint of their statistical (as opposed to dynamic, expressed in verbs) features. Note that the adjective has a complex semantic structure and is characterized by the presence of denotative and connotative components that form its internal form.⁵
The description of adjective vocabulary is associated with a large number of problems due to the special nature of its nomination, because adjectives are very multifaceted in their semantics.

Adjectives have one common semantic characteristic, which allows them to be combined into a single class, namely, the significative nature of their semantics. In addition, adjectives, as classical predicates, designate the actual attribute and evaluation, which are realized within the same statement and combine the semantic and pragmatic aspects of the language in their structure.

It is also important that emotional-evaluative adjectives in their absolute form always allow the presence of an evaluation scale that allows forming thematic groups of emotional-evaluative adjectives according to their evaluative value and positive or negative characteristics.
In their semantics, adjectives form a continuous series from evaluative ones (“good / bad”) to non-evaluative (relative) adjectives. Many scientists conduct research on the material of any leading explanatory dictionary of the English language [25], from which emotional-evaluative adjectives are selected by the method of continuous sampling, characterized by a variety of evaluative semantics.
Among them, a group of words of a general assessment stands out, the meaning of which is reduced to expressing an assessment without indicating any signs, as well as groups of emotional-evaluative adjectives of negative and positive assessment, which show a disapproving or approving attitude of native speakers to objects, facts and phenomena of objective reality.
Ameliorative lexical units express approval, praise, love, admiration, respect, compassion, affection, benevolence, commitment, politeness and other positive shades of meanings, for example:
– amazing - very good, especially in an unexpected way, so surprising you can hardly believe it;
– cheery - happy or making you feel happy;
– chivalrous - a man who is chivalrous behaves in a polite, kind, generous, and honourable way, especially towards women;
– compassionate - feeling sympathy for people who are suffering;
– discreet - careful about what you say or do, so that you do not offend, upset, or embarrass people or tell secrets;
– effusive - showing your good feelings in a very excited way;
– spirited - having energy and determination;
– straightforward - honest about your feelings or opinions and not hiding anything ;– sympathetic - caring and feeling sorry about someone's problems;– vivacious - someone, especially a woman, who is vivacious has a lot of energy and a happy attractive manner [см. 26].