The emotive charge of adjectives and verbs

3.LEXICO-SEMANTIC FEATURES OF EMOTIONAL-EVALUATIVE ADJECTIVES IN ENGLISH
Adjectives are characterized by a variety of evaluation semantics. Among them, there is a group of adjectives of a general assessment, the meaning of which is to express a general assessment of an object without indicating any of its features, as well as a wider group of adjectives with a partial value of the assessment, which gives an assessment of one of the aspects of the object from a certain point of view, while usually called the feature itself, which is evaluated [6, p. 85]. The last group includes lexico-semantic variants of emotional-evaluative adjectives denoting, for example, the moral qualities of a person. Analyzing the studied vocabulary, it is worth noting that linguistic units as components of the system and structure of the language are described in the Great Oxford Dictionary with the help of multi-scale repetition of the same features to a greater or lesser extent. ⁶It is this repetition that expresses a kind of continuity in the structural organization of lexical semantics.
In the English dictionary under study, semantic continuity is mainly represented by interpretation formulas, when compared, it turns out that the lexical meanings of English words are revealed according to the principle of explaining one word through the second, the second through the third, etc. As a result, when determining the semantics of a lexical unit in its direct connection with another or other lexical units, not only the presence (absence) of common semantic components, but also the degree of their manifestation is established in the compared semantic structures.
This chain correlation constitutes the semantic regularity of the formation of emotional and evaluative vocabulary in the English language system [1, p. 34]. A lexeme in constant systemic correlation with other elements of the set gradually forms its own semantic face, its semantic significance, which provides it with the right to actively function in the system, gives rise to a tendency to concentrate other members of this system around it.
A striking example of this conclusion is a group of vocabulary, the semantics of which is revealed by pointing to a person, his daily activities, internal state, relationship with other members of society, the nature of actions and consequences.
The compilers of the Oxford Dictionary [26] singled out in the emotive-evaluative adjective good - a good meaning, in the first place of which is: of a high standard or quality, which corresponds to the Russian equivalent: high standard.
The second meaning is explained by the following definition: skillfull - able to do something well, which corresponds to the Russian skillful - able to do something good. In the third meaning, signs are distinguished regarding the relationship between communicants: pleasant, enjoyable; successful or correct; useful or helpful.
The semantics of the above adjective includes an indication of a high degree of manifestation of etiquette feelings, norms of behavior and communication, which are transmitted by various formulas of interpretation.
Scheme 1. Formulas for interpreting the emotional-evaluative adjective “good” .In addition, the interpretation of this adjective is reflected in the expressions:
- to be good with people, with words;
– smb's too good for smb;
– be as good as your word, a good word for smb / sth;
–good Samaritan, good girl / boy, would you be good enough to do smth? [26]
And the lexeme bad - bad - means fear, pain, fear, negative emotions.
Scheme 2. Formulas for interpreting the emotional-evaluative adjective “bad”
The considered emotional-evaluative adjective is also mentioned in the expressions:
– be in a bad mood / temper;
– feel bad;
– be in a bad way;
– bad lot / sort / type;
– in bad faith;
– bad blood;
– not have a bad word to say about / against smb. etc [[26].
Adjectives of negative evaluation shocked - shocking, unfriendly - unfriendly and angry - angry have not only almost the same number of meanings, but also common semantics: for example, the following interpretations are common for these words: feeling surprised and upset by something very unexpected, unpleasant, bad.
Each of the presented lexical units is characterized by its individual semantics. The word shocked has the following indication: very offened because of something seems immoral or socially unacceptable; be in a state of shock; shaken; horrified; appalled; traumatized; outraged; devastated; stunned; dazed; aghast and shocked look / expression / voice [[26].
A feature of the semantics of these English words is that, in addition to common features, they are marked by specific lexical meanings inherent only to them [9, c, 75]. So, for example, the words unfriendly, like angry, are characterized by their individual semantic sets, which convey a socially conditioned negative assessment of people and are distinguished by a high degree of manifestation of hostile, bad and unfriendly relations between people.
The word unfriendly is explained in the Great Oxford Dictionary with the following definitions:
1) not kind or friendly;
2) behaving towards someone in a way that shows you are not interested in them;
3) an unfriendly government or nation is one that opposes yours;
4) through other adjectives with an emotional-evaluative component: hostile; cold; frosty; aloof; antagonistic; antisocial; unwelcome; impersonal; forbidding.
Whereas the lexeme angry is characterized by the following values:
1) feeling strong emotions which make you want to shout at someone or hurt them because they have behaved in an unfair, cruel, offensive, way, or because you think that a situation is unfair, unacceptable;
2) through other adjectives and expressions: mad; cross; annoyed; irritated; bad-tempered; in a bad/foul mood; in a huff; sbe has got up on the wrong side of the bed; angry with / at yourself [26].
The adjective friendly also belongs to the same group - friendly, to which the following interpretations belong:
1) behaving towards someone in a way that shows you like them and are ready to talk to them or help them;
2) be friendly with smb [26];
3) through other adjectives - warm; nice; amiable; welcoming; hospitable; genius; cordial; approachable.
The sociolinguistic nature of this semantics is clearly conveyed by the meanings of words and expressions: user-friendly / customer-friendly, environmentally-friendly / ozone-friendly / eco-friendly, friendly fire.
The word polite - polite occupies a special place in the etiquette vocabulary of the modern English language, since its lexical meanings indicate a high degree of manifestation of a sense of politeness and good manners, where socially determined factors in the manifestation of etiquette play an important role - manners of behaving and communicating in a certain environment:

1. 
   behaving or speaking in a way that is correct for the social you are in, and showing that you are careful to consider other people's needs and feelings;
   

2) you make polite conversation, remarks because it is considered socially correct to do this, but not necessarily because you believe what you are saying: polite remarks / conversation / interest, in polite society / circles / company; well-mannered; well-behaved; courteous; respectful; civil [26].
So, in the interpretation of polysemantic adjectives that convey an ethical assessment, the attitude that characterizes individual lexical units as elements of the semantic system of the English language is reflected. One of the important features of the systemic nature of the described relations in the lexical semantics of the language being studied is their multifunctionality: between two elements of the semantic system of the language, they act either as signs of a microsystemic, or as a macrosystemic character.
Dictionary interpretations of other units include the meaning of a certain attribute that shows an ethical assessment, indicates a concept that includes the system of norms adopted in a given language community⁷. For example, the adjective honest includes a microsystem:
- "character": someone who is honest always tells the truth and does not cheat or steal;
– “statement / answer”: not hiding the truth or the facts about something; frank;
- "work": honest work is done using your own efforts and without cheating;
- "good people": honest people are not famous or special, but behave in a good, socially acceptable way.
This definition contains an indication of such features of the object as honesty, decency. Such an adjective conveys a partial ethical assessment. These qualities are always evaluated by society as positive. It can also be easily combined with various parts of speech: to be honest with; honest to God; make an honest woman of sb.
So, within the limits of one microsystem, words with their lexical meanings are closely intertwined with each other, forming chain-like direct and indirect connections.
In the process of analyzing the lexical unit dishonest - dishonest, it is observed that the emotional-evaluative adjective under study forms a microsystem around itself, which can be called "dishonest, deceitful", which has the following definitions:
1) not honest, deceiving or cheating people;
2) corrupt; devious; underhand; sneaky; sly; unscrupulous; fraudulent.
The word sweet - soft, in turn, includes three microsystems:
- "character" kind, gentle, and friendly, sweet-tempered, nice, keep sb sweet;
- “thoughts / emotions” making you feel pleased, happy and satisfied;
– “sounds / voice” pleasant to listen to [26].
In the modern semantics of the English language, two main types of semantic variation are distinguished: polysemy, an important feature of which is the combination of semantic features in a word, and linguistic variation, characterized only by emphasizing already known elements in the meaning, highlighting the associative features of the word.
The vocabulary under study may also include the adjective calm - calm, the lexical meanings of which reflect the characteristics of people who are not angry or nervous, but on the contrary - they are calm and benevolent:
1) quiet, not angry, nervous, or upset; relaxed;
2) chilled-out; laid back; mellow; cool; keep your head [26].
Based on the generalization of the descriptive component of the meaning, which reflects the general concept, all adjectives with a partial assessment of human behavior can be divided into the following groups:

1. 
   Emotionally evaluative adjectives related to honesty / dishonesty, for example: bribeless, conscientious, faithful / corrupt, deceitful, treacherous, honest, direct, guileless, truthful, virtuous, dishonest, sly, unscrupulous, affected, untruthful, smarmy;
   

2. Emotional adjectives that indicate attitude towards people, for example: benevolent, compassionate, soft-hearted, hard-hearted, hostile, inhumane, sweet, kind, friendly, soft, generous, bounteous, benign, formal, arrogant, delicate, correct, noble, pleasant, unfriendly;
3. Emotionally evaluative adjectives expressing attitude towards oneself, for example selfless, self-sacrificing / selfloving, conceited, assertive, helpful, self-confident, self-assured, extrovert;
4. Emotional and evaluative adjectives that characterize the very culture of behavior, for example: courteous, polite, reverential / foulmouthed, impudent, rude, right, impolite, well-mannered, well-behaved, civil, tolerant, ill-mannered, patient, impatient, insolent, gentle, intemperate, hysterical, aggressive.
5. Emotional-evaluative adjectives that name strong-willed qualities, for example: courageous, dauntless, staunch / dispirited, hen-hearted, milk-livered, barbaric, violent, rough, wild, antisocial.
6. Emotional-evaluative adjectives associated with the expression of moral feelings, for example, contemptuous, envious, hateful, revengeful, moral, immoral, shocking.
7. Emotionally evaluative adjectives denoting a person's attitude to work, for example, assiduous, laborious / idle, sluggish, diplomatic, high-minded, cheerful, communicative.
8. Emotionally evaluative adjectives that characterize the relationship between the male and female sexes, for example: chaste, virtuous / dissolute, lewd [26].
The heterogeneity of the semantics of the units under study is also manifested in the features of the implementation of the evaluation structure of emotional-evaluative adjectives, which include the following elements:
- subject;
– evaluation predicate;
– object [30, p. 86].
The object of evaluation is of particular importance, since it coincides with the name of the subject associated with the adjective. The nature of the relationship between the components of the evaluation structure in adjectives changes significantly.⁸ Thus, adjectives denoting a general assessment show a certain specificity of these relations.
8. Emotionally evaluative adjectives that characterize the relationship between the male and female sexes, for example: chaste, virtuous / dissolute, lewd [26].
The heterogeneity of the semantics of the units under study is also manifested in the features of the implementation of the evaluation structure of emotional-evaluative adjectives, which include the following elements:
- subject;
– evaluation predicate;
– object [30, p. 86].
The object of evaluation is of particular importance, since it coincides with the name of the subject associated with the adjective. The nature of the relationship between the components of the evaluation structure in adjectives changes significantly. Thus, adjectives denoting a general assessment show a certain specificity of these relations.
So, the system of the English language was exposed to both linguistic and extralinguistic factors, resulting in qualitative changes in the semantics of words. Separate adjectives of the group under study can enter into relations with other elements both on the basis of the same, and groups that are close or distant in lexical meanings. The complexes of lexical meanings of words in the English language obtained as a result of lexico-semantic analysis are variable and mobile, therefore they are characterized by variability.