The emotive charge of adjectives and verbs

THE MINISTRY OF HIGHER AND SECONDARY SPECIAL EDUCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
BUKHARA STATE UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF THE FOREIGN LANGUAGES


COURSE PAPER
ON THE THEME
“THE EMOTIVE CHARGE OF ADJECTIVES AND VERBS”

SCIENTIFIC SUPERVISOR:
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DONE BY:
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Group :____________
Bukhara – 2022
CONTENTS:
1. SEMANTICS OF EMOTION AND EVALUATION IN THE STRUCTURE OF ADJECTIVES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE………………............................3
2. CORRELATION BETWEEN EMOTIONAL AND EVALUATIVE COMPONENTS IN THE SEMANTICS OF ADJECTIVES IN ENGLISH............6
3.LEXICO-SEMANTIC FEATURES OF EMOTIONAL-EVALUATIVE ADJECTIVES IN ENGLISH……………………………………….....….…..…..12
4.THE DIVERSITY OF EMOTIONAL VERBS IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE.......20
5. THE RELEVANCE OF EMOTION FOR LANGUAGE AND LINGUISTICS…………………………………………..…………………..…..…24
CONCLUSION……………………...………………………………………….……26
LIST OF USED LITERATURE…………………………………………………..…28

1.SEMANTICS OF EMOTION AND EVALUATION IN THE STRUCTURE OF ADJECTIVES IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

Modern linguistic studies of recent years combine cognitive, sociological and cultural orientation and bring to the fore the individual characteristics of the speaker as an important component of the study of the central linguistic problem - the person in the language.

The relationship between the spheres of rational and emotional in consciousness and thinking helps a person emotionally experience what the language reflects, and therefore the role of emotions and evaluation in the development of society has become the subject of repeated consideration by famous linguists.
The anthropocentric orientation of modern linguistics indicates the need to study the categories of emotiveness and evaluativeness in the structure of adjectives. To do this, it is worth highlighting the main characteristics of emotional-evaluative adjectives and exploring the features of their use in English. ¹The essence of the categories of emotiveness and evaluativeness in the adjectives of the English language, as well as the means of their expression, have become the subject of study of foreign linguists.
Based on this, the relevance of our study is determined by the insufficient study of emotional-evaluative adjectives and the existence of a large number of controversial issues regarding the terminological apparatus of their description.
Moral and ethical standards of human behavior are an integral part of upbringing, education and culture. Understanding a culture is impossible without mastering the appropriate language. The fundamental foundations of the relationship between language and culture were laid down in the works of von Humboldt, A. Potebnya and E. Sapir. In the modern science of language, there is no single common opinion about what constitutes the semantic basis of the word. Several different directions can be distinguished, delimiting them conditionally according to the parameters that provide the word with unity:
-semantic core (V. V. Vinogradov, A. A. Ufimtseva);
– semantic thread (A.I. Smirnitsky);
- general concept (E.V. Kurilovich);
- the general meaning of vocabulary (L. Novikov);
– a structure of meanings ordered in a certain way (V. V. Vinogradov): the ratio of lexical-semantic variants and the allocation of the main meaning, the establishment of relations of semantic derivativeness and the definition of its base;
- pairwise connection of verbal meanings within the semantic structure of vocabulary (N.P. Fabian) [5, p. 76].
On the one hand, the objectivity of the existence of a separate word is recognized not only as a part of an already formed work of speech, but as an equivalent of the elements of reality fixed in the minds of the speakers. This trend is called "lexicentric" semantics.
On the other hand, preference is given to the semantics of a coherent text (Chomsky, Katz, Postal) and hence the name “text-centric” semantics.
The first is based on lexicography, for which the presence of words in the language is the starting point. This direction of semantic research does not deny the role of a phrase in determining the semantics of a word, but, on the contrary, often refers to the context in which various lexical meanings are realized.
The study of semantics is also carried out in the directions of delimitation of the object of analysis. ²Some scholars take the meaning of a word as a linguistic sign for an object, understanding by meaning a continuous, non-discrete, context-independent semantic space; others consider the word in speech, study the semantic fixation of the word in the process of communication and explicitly determine its semantics by the totality of potential typical messages where the given word is fixed.
The first direction can be called traditional, since it is an analytical or genetic study of the meaning of a word, in which attention is paid mainly to diachronic changes in semantics. The second direction arose later and was called "operational" or "functional", the purpose of which is synchronous studies of the functioning of the semantics of a lexical unit [4, p. 25].
According to some researchers, there are three main categories of semantics:
1. The first is connected with the diachronic study of changes in the meanings of words (semasiology);
2. The second concerns symbolic logic (philosophical approach), which analyzes the laws of language functioning;
3. The third considers the relationship between language, thinking and behavior (scientific approach) (Postman, Weingartner) [12, p. 104].
The second approach involves the study of linguistic phenomena according to their relation to other linguistic facts. The object in this case is relations that provide the language system with integrity, communicative dynamism and normative certainty. At the same time, one can do without the content side: the meaning of some units is revealed through the relation to the meanings of others on the basis of the commonality and difference of their semantics.
Within the framework of the third approach, the semantic connections that affect the thinking and behavior of a person are substantiated. In this approach, it is important to substantiate the role of the emotional and evaluative components of the lexical unit, which allow influencing due to the inherent polyfunctionality. It is the third approach that corresponds to the purpose of our study, allowing us to explain the features of the emotional and evaluative meaning of adjectives.