The bukharan emirate and turkestan under russian rule in the revolutionary era: 1917-1924

2.6.2. The Reasons of Emergence of Jadidism 
The meaning of Jadid in both Arabic and Persian language is “new”.
Jadidism means the renewal or reform. The basic institution of Jadid reform was the 
new method school itself. These schools were the site of the struggle for the hearts 
and minds of the next generation. Through them, the Jadids disseminated a cognitive 
style which is quite different from that of the maktab and thus created a group in 
society that was receptive to their ideas. These schools were also crucial to the social 
reproduction of the movement. 
125
Jadids emerged as the new elite of Turkestan as a 
result of transformations of Central Asian society and economy under severe Russian 
influence and rule. These new and modern elite attempted to make a cultural 
transformation of Turkistan despite the obstacles produced by the traditional 
structure of Central Asia. The native societies and traditional cultures in Southern 
Central Asia, the lands of Transoxiana, were isolated from other parts of the world 
124
Becker, Seymour, 
Russia’s Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865–1924
, 
(London &New York: Routledge Curzon, 2005), 164. 
125
Adeeb, Khalid, 
The Politics of Muslim Cultural Reform: Jadidism in Central Asia
, (Berkeley: 
University of California Press, 1998), 103. 

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51 
before Russian armies arrived in the 1860s. Although Samarkand and Bukhara had 
been prominent cities of Muslim world regarding owning the learning centers and 
location of the Silk Road centuries ago, local wars and skirmishes for power, wealth 
and territory among the khanates in the region were under way in the beginning of 
the 19th century. But, The Russian invasion brought the region a change and 
impulsive force for transformation in realm of politics, economics, culture and 
society