42
1906 to1911. But, the revolt broke out in 1916 because
the sufferings reached the
peak in the end.
106
The reaction of local peoples to settlers, who came to the position
of being more advantaged than the local people, began creating anxiety in Russia
during the civil war period. Not only local masses but also the emir and the clerical
elite were not content with these settlers. In Russian administration both in Tsarist
rule and Provisional Government era, there was an anxiety
of immediate attack of
indigenous people to settlers in the region. The changing of production tools and
economic power in Bukharan society from one hand to another through capital
penetration and settler policy caused some social explosions and problems while
there were its benefits and profits for the country. It is undoubtedly right that
Russians brought so many helpful innovations to the region
for the benefit of local
people and Bukharan state. “They established a good road and railway system and
adequate port facilities on the Caspian and Aral seas…They secured the Chinese,
Afghan and Persian frontiers; they considerably developed trading facilities and the
supply of raw materials…”
107
Russians constructed roads, railways and ports on the
Caspian and Aral Seas. In addition, they secured the Chinese,
Afghan and Persian
borderlands. They also developed trade and supply of raw materials. The
construction of railways, industrial development, and the growth of towns and
entrance of Russian capital in rural production had reinforced and enlarged the
Emirate’s relations with Russia and improved capitalist relations inside the emirate.
These developments caused social changes inside Bukharan socio-economic system
such as destruction of traditional rural ownership, acceleration of class differentiation
in
villages, increase of commercial character in agrarian production, and the
peasantry’s specialization in cotton cultivation resulting a progressive adaptation of
106
Wheeler, Geoffrey,
The Peoples of Soviet Central Asia,
(London: the Bodley Head Ltd, 1966), 41.
107
Wheeler, Geoffrey,
The Peoples of Soviet Central Asia,
(London: the Bodley Head Ltd, 1966), 39.
43
other sectors of the economy.
108
The only innovation was not railroad in Central
Asia. There was also construction of telegraph network by Russians throughout
Turkistan and protectorate khanates. “During the previous decade the Russian
telegraph network had spread throughout Russian Turkestan,
reaching Tashkent in
1873, Khodjent in 1875, Samarkand and Kokand in 1876, and Katta-Kurgan, on the
Bukharan frontier, in 1878. General Von Kaufman raised the question of a telegraph
link to Bukhara several times at the end of the 1870’s, but apparently without
insistence and consequently with no effect”.
109
For example, the telegraph crisis was
the clear evidence for the influence of clergy over the Emir in Bukhara. The
telegraph link reached the borders of Bukhara but it could not enter the city due to
the Emir’s refusal, because the clergy was against all types of innovations inside
Bukhara. As a protector of conservative-traditional social structure,
the class of
mullahs was keen on struggling every change and renewal. They were severe
defenders of Emir’s old authority and early system in the country. They considered
the changes were against Islam since they came from an infidel power. However,
Emir’s approval of their desires was related to Emir’s necessity to take their support
to continue his rule over masses. Otherwise, there was not any problem to implement
with Russian orders according to Emir’s perspective. The emirs, both Muzaffar’s son
Abd al Ahad and Ahad’s son Sayyid Alim, had Russian life styles. They spent most
of their time during their princedoms in Russia. For instance, Alim took Russian
education in Russian schools and knew about Russian literature and culture well. On
the other side, they had to pursue balanced policies for not irritating domestic actors.
108
Carrere D’Encausse, Hèlene, trans., Islam
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: 
