The bukharan emirate and turkestan under russian rule in the revolutionary era: 1917-1924



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Buxoro turkcha

 
168
 
Autonomous Government of 
Turkistan was blamed for being a bourgeoisie nationalist and puppet of the 
Whites.
169
 
According to Helen Carrere d’Encausse
,
T
he collapse of Kokand autonomy was inevitable, for it had neither sufficient political forces, nor troops, nor means. 
While it represented the heartfelt wishes of southern Central Asians, its effort could not find support, for it had no real ties with 
the general population. Still, this ephemeral government was far more important than its brief duration might indicate. It gave 
the first manifestation of open opposition to Soviet power in the name of local autonomy, and it gave birth to the Basmachi 
movement, which prolonged Central Asian protest against integration into the Soviet Union.
170
 
The historical importance of Kokand was the attempt to grant self-
determination of Muslims in Central Asia under an autonomous Turkestan. It was the 
first attempt in Turkestan to gain the territorial autonomy by Central Asian Muslims. 
Also, it was crucial for its outcomes resulting emergence of Central Asian Muslims’ 
revolting movement, Basmachi revolt. The Soviet official discourse about the 
destruction of Kokand was also informative and interesting. According to the Soviet 
view;
Kokand Autonomy, a counter revolutionary bourgeois nationalist organization in Kokand which at an all Muslim 
Congress held in Kokand on the 26
th
November 1917 declared itself as the government and called upon the Turkestan Council 
of Peoples’ Commissars at Tashkent to hand over its power. Under the flag of Kokand the Turkestan tried to establish the older 
order. On the 20
th
February 1918, Red Army forces with the help of the poor people of Uzbekistan occupied the old city of 
Kokand and liquidated Kokand. The leaders of Kokand with a small force fled from the city and continued their struggle against 
Soviet power in the ranks of the Basmachi

171
165
Allworth, Edward et al., 
Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule
, ed. Edward Allworth, (New 
York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 227. 
166
K. P. Ossipov was the military commissar of the Turkestan ASS Republic. 
167
Caroe, Olaf, 
Soviet Empire:
The Turks of Central Asia and Stalinism,
(New York: St. Martin’s 
Press, 1967), 104. 
168
Wheeler, Geoffrey, 
The Peoples of Soviet Central Asia,
(London: the Bodley Head Ltd, 1966), 
105. 
169
Coates, Zelda K. and W.P.,
 Soviets in Central Asia,
(New York: Greenwood Press, Publishers, 
1951), 74. 
170
Allworth, Edward et al., 
Central Asia: A Century of Russian Rule
, ed. Edward Allworth, (New 
York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 228. 
171
Wheeler, Geoffrey, 
The Peoples of Soviet Central Asia,
(London: the Bodley Head Ltd, 1966), 
106-107. 


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