Propaedeumata Aphoristica
The Propaedeumata Aphoristica (1558), dedicated to Gerard Mercator, is
a collection of 120 aphorisms that explicate the ‘main principles’ of
astral influences and the cosmological setting within which the stars and
planets act as causes of terrestrial events.
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The text can be seen as the
unpacking of the last aphorism: ‘suitable divine things and their revo-
lutions are sufficient to preserve the continuity of everything generated
physically in the cosmos’.
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Its treatment of causality is conventional
in that it is based on astrological theories supported by Aristotelian
concepts that were formulated by the Arabs and received by medieval
and early modern natural philosophers discussed in this present study.
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This is not surprising considering, as Clulee notes, that the arts curricu-
lum in Cambridge, where Dee was an undergraduate, was founded on
Aristotelian logic and natural philosophy.
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Furthermore, Dee’s library
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The Arabic Influences on Early Modern Occult Philosophy
contained philosophical and astrological material that was essentially
Aristotelian.
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Astrology and mathematics were to Dee central to natu-
ral philosophy and according to his dedicatory letter the Propaedeumata
Aphoristica was ‘the first fruits of my labours while abroad’ in the Low
Countries where he cultivated these sciences.
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Dee’s approach in the Propaedeumata is mainly ‘rational’; he does not
intend to ‘test the infinite and unanalyzable’ but establishes the ‘true
virtues of nature’ by ‘rational processes’.
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The celestial bodies act as
causes through motion, heat and light. ‘By means of the first motions,
those which are most proper to the celestial bodies, all other natural
motion of earthly things are both produced and ordered.’
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This echoes
Abu Ma‘shar’s statement that ‘the terrestrial world is connected with the
celestial world and its motions by necessity. Therefore due to the power
of the celestial world and celestial motions, terrestrial things, generated
and corruptible, are affected.’
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We also see a parallel in De radiis:
an unshakeable belief that the arrangement of the stars governed the
world of elements and all things in it composed of them, at whatever
time or place, to such an extent that there is no substance, no acci-
dent exists here without also being in its way figured in the sky. The
influence of the stars is undoubtedly due to the rays sent from the
[the stars] into the world.
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This is the main principle of causation that supports the theories of
astral influences from Abu Ma‘shar, al-Kindi and Avicenna to Ficino,
Pico and Dee. This motion emits heat and instigates the celestial bodies’
power. Heat and light both constitute ‘the most distinctive properties
of heavenly bodies’.
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As shown in the previous chapter, Pico makes the
same assertion in his Heptaplus and the Disputations.
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It is also by means
of heat and light that the celestial bodies act as efficient causes of gen-
eration and corruption. Species receive their forms from the fixed stars
described as ‘the first forms of all things’.
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Individuation occurs by spe-
cific astrological configurations, the place of generation, and the seminal
seeds ‘ripened by suitable constellations’:
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‘every seed has within itself,
potentially, the entire and unchangeable order of every generation. The
explanation is that both the nature of the place where conception occurs
and forces of the overreaching sky that fall upon the place work together
to this end.’
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This aphorism crystallizes the physics of astral genera-
tion inherited from the Latin medieval tradition of natural philosophy.
According to Albertus Magnus the formative power which originates in
the heavens cooperates with the seminal active force existing in nature
and the location of conception to produce members of species:
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