Technology-Enhanced Language Learning and Teaching

Augmented Reality

AR refers to a technology that integrates digital information and real environments and facilitates learner senses of reality. It has three characteristics: interaction in real time, integration of real and virtual worlds, and operation in 3D space. Using a headset or mobile phone with AR technology, students can get virtual information about the object. For example, when students use AR technology to observe an apple, the word ‘apple’ will appear next to the apple, as well as the origin, taste and

other information of the apple. Using AR in the real world can effectively support students to achieve their learning goals.
Robots

Merriam-Webster Dictionary defines robot as a machine that resembles a living creature. Robots are capable of moving and performing various actions. An anthropomorphic robot is considered as a useful educational tool because of its ability to improve teaching efficiency and learning motivation. It is found that robot-supported language learning is generally applied to younger learners. Researchers conducted a study with a humanoid robot; it acted as a partner for language learners. Robots and learners collaborated on a word–picture association task involving vegetables and fruits to help learn English words. In another study in which researchers investigated how teaching assistant robots can help in elementary school. The robot is able to perform different forms of interaction with students (e.g., gestures or facial expression). Besides, physical activity was designed to engage and entertain students, while enhancing their interest in learning through speaking and reacting. Human-like or cartoon-like external appearances of robots plays an important role in their acceptance when used for young learners. A familiar, interesting appearance is effective to learners who afraid to speak in English in front of peers.

Clicker

Clickers are keypads and they are used by students to respond to the lecturer’s questions. Web-enabled mobile tools (e.g., smart phones or tablets) has been used to replicate clicker-based classroom polling. Answering questions by using clickers can be anonymous, so learners can give their own answers without pressure. Researchers compared the effects of using clickers versus raising hands on language learning in class. It was found that using clickers could reduce the cognitive load caused by learning new terms and new content, and thus improve language learning performance. Researchers proposed that the integrated classroom of student response system (SRS) or clicker could provide an environment for learning and opportunities for active learning, especially when combined with peer interaction technologies.