Teaching Secondary Students to Write Effectively

(2014); Olson and Land (2008); Olson et 

al. (2016); Stevens (2003).

15  De La Paz and Graham (2002); Festas et 

al. (2015); Fitzgerald and Markham (1987); 

Hübner, Nückles, and Renkl (2010); Limpo 

and Alves (2014); Midgette, Haria, and 

MacArthur (2008); Page-Voth and Graham 

(1999). Hübner, Nückles, and Renkl (2010) 

includes two contrasts, one of which is related 

to Recommendation 1 and one of which is 

related to Recommendation 2.

16  Kim et al. (2011); Olson and Land (2008); 

Olson et al. (2016); Stevens (2003).

17 The 

Teaching Elementary Students to be 

Effective Writers practice guide (Graham et 

al. 2012) also discusses the writing process. 

18  Ogle (1986). 

19  Throughout the guide, examples supported 

by evidence are indicated by endnotes within 

the example title or content. For examples 

that are supported by studies that meet WWC 

design standards, the citation in the endnote 

is bolded. Examples without specific cita-

tions were developed in conjunction with 

the expert panel based on their experience, 

expertise, and knowledge of the related 

literature.

20  Graham and Perrin (2007).

21  Some of these strategies have not been evalu-

ated by a study that meets WWC design stan-

dards. While evidence may not be available 

for each individual strategy, each strategy is 

consistent with the recommendation. 

22  Kiuhara et al. (2012).

a

 Eligible studies that meet WWC design standards or meet design standards with reservations are indicated by bold text in the end-

notes and references pages. For more information about these studies, please see Appendix D.

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