Teaching Secondary Students to Write Effectively

Endnotes 

(continued)

Endnotes 

(continued)

23 Ibid.

24  Olson, Scarcella, and Matuchniak (2015). 

25  De La Paz and Graham (2002).

26  Some of these strategies have not been evalu-

ated by a study that meets WWC design stan-

dards. While evidence may not be available 

for each individual strategy, each strategy is 

consistent with the recommendation. 

27  De La Paz and Graham (2002).

28  Page Voth and Graham (1999). 

29  Harris and Graham (1996). 

30  De La Paz and Graham (2002).

31  Kiuhara et al. (2012).

32  Some of these strategies have not been evalu-

ated by a study that meets WWC design stan-

dards. While evidence may not be available 

for each individual strategy, each strategy is 

consistent with the recommendation. 

33  Some of these strategies have not been evalu-

ated by a study that meets WWC design stan-

dards. While evidence may not be available 

for each individual strategy, each strategy is 

consistent with the recommendation. 

34  De La Paz, Swanson, and Graham (1998); Gra-

ham (1997); Scardamalia and Bereiter (1994).

35 Ibid. 

36  Olson (2015).

37  Benson (1979). 

38  Flower and Hayes (1981).

39  Gallagher (2006).

40  Some of these strategies have not been evalu-

ated by a study that meets WWC design stan-

dards. While evidence may not be available 

for each individual strategy, each strategy is 

consistent with the recommendation. 

41  Some of these strategies have not been evalu-

ated by a study that meets WWC design stan-

dards. While evidence may not be available 

for each individual strategy, each strategy is 

consistent with the recommendation. 

42  Harris et al. (2008).

43  Olson (2010).

44  De La Paz and Graham (2002).

45  Harris and Graham (1996); Harris et al. (2008).

46  Adapted from Murphy and Smith (2015). 

47  Olson (2015).

48  Kim et al. (2011); Olson and Land (2008).

49  Adapted from Murphy and Smith (2015). 

50  Olinghouse, Graham, and Gillespie (2015).

51  Graham and Hebert (2010).

52  Shanahan (2016).

53  Fitzgerald and Shanahan (2000).

54  Bangert-Drowns, Hurley, and Wilkinson 

(2004); Graham and Hebert (2010); Graham 

and Perrin (2007).

55  Fong et al. (2015); Hübner, Nückles, and