Teach english new edition r



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connotation
(shade of m eaning).‘Brainy’ is an informal word and m ight well have a negative connotation 
when used by a schoolchild about a classmate. ‘Bright’ carries the connotation of lively and 
young. ‘Sm art’ is comm only used in American English and has a slight connotation of 
tricksiness, and ‘clever’ is often used in phrases with negative connotations, e.g. ‘too clever 
by half’, ‘He may be clever but he’s not going to get away with it’.
Parts of speech
The chart on page 65 shows the different parts of speech. These are the categories which 
help us determine how grammatical sequences are put together, and which words can go 
in which slots (see page 60).
We will consider the parts of speech in terms of the noun phrase, verbs, adverbs and 
prepositions, and discourse.
The noun phrase
A noun phrase may consist of just a noun (‘John’) or a pronoun (‘he’, ‘they’). The noun may 
be preceded by a determ iner (‘this wom an’, ‘a m an’). There may be one or more adjectives 
before the noun (‘a young wom an’, ‘a handsom e old m an’), and the noun may be post­
modified in some way (e.g. ‘a wom an with a com puter’, ‘the m an wearing a hat’).
Nouns
The way nouns behave depends upon a num ber of grammatical and morphological 
variables.
Countable and uncountable
A distinction needs to be made between countable nouns and uncountable nouns. As their 
name implies, with countable nouns you can ‘count’ what the words refer to (e.g. ‘apple’, 
‘table’, ‘horse’, ‘cottage’, ‘novel’ ) and therefore you can make them plural (‘apples’, ‘tables’, 
etc), but you can’t count what uncountable words refer to (e.g. ‘furniture’ and ‘com fort’) 
and you can’t make them plural - we can’t say ‘*two furnitures’, eight comforts’).
64


Describing language

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