Tashkent state university of uzbek language and literature named after alisher navoi

The notion of culture in modern translatology.

At the turn of the century, the concept of culture acquired a new meaning. If earlier the concept of so-called cultural values, works of art, literature, etc. prevailed, then in the modern world the importance of the concept of culture is increasing, in which a significant place is given to the description and interpretation of the national traditions of people, their way of life, the specifics of behavior, thinking and perception of the surrounding world.
In this regard, the priorities of linguistics have also changed: at the present stage of its development, more and more attention is paid to issues related to the national-cultural specifics of languages, with the national originality of the image of the world that has developed among the linguocultural community. Translators, recognizing the special importance that culture has for translation, emphasize the role of translation as the most important means of intercultural communication.
Along with the unanimous recognition of the importance of the cultural aspect of translation, this multifactorial, heterogeneous phenomenon has not yet been sufficiently detailed and described.
The question of defining such a complex and multifaceted concept as "culture" is one of the most controversial in modern humanities, including linguistics.
Due to its complexity and multidimensionality, as well as due to the ambiguous and often contradictory play of heterogeneous and diverse universal and idiocultural characteristics, culture can be described in various terms, classified for a variety of reasons and presented in various typologies. None of the existing classifications or typologies of cultures provides an exhaustive and internally consistent description of culture. Varying in detail, the various cultural concepts complement each other.
More than half a century ago, the book of A. Kroeber and K. Kluckhohn “Culture, a critical review of concepts and definitions” [Kroeber, Cluckhohn 1952] was specially devoted to the problem of defining culture, in which the authors cited about 150 definitions of culture. In this book, different definitions of the concept of culture are given, and we can see how comprehensive this term is. Below are some of the definitions given to the concept of culture from this book.
“ By culture we mean all those historically created designs for living, explicit and implicit, rational, irrational, and nonrational, which exist at any given time as potential guides for the behavior of men” [Kluckhohn, C, Kelly, W.H 1945 pp. 78-105]
“ Culture consist of patterns, explicit and implicit, of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols, constituting the distinctive achievements of human groups, including their embodiments in artifacts; the essential core of culture consists of traditional (i.e. historically derived and selected) ideas and especially their attached values; culture systems may, on the one hand, be considered as products of action, and on the other as conditioning as elements of further action.” [Kroeber, Cluckhohn 1952]. While the definitions of the concept of culture in the above-mentioned authors ’book exceed 150, the number of definitions given to this concept in the international“ 50/50 ”dictionary exceeds 500. The definitions are different and each definition is based on a different approach.
The concept of "culture" is approached from different positions, for example, from sociological (as part of social life performing certain functions), from anthropological (as a type of human activity), from philosophical (in terms of the relationship of culture to human being, as a phenomenon that arises and existing at the intersection of personality and society) [Khairullin 1995: 12 - 13]. However, practically all definitions of culture are united in one thing - this is a characteristic or a way of human activity, not animals [Belik 1998: 11].
The concept of "culture" is widely used in translation studies, but its understanding requires clarification, since in translation theory and in linguistics in general, "culture" is usually used as an intuitive term without defining its interpretation.
The word "culture" has a Latin origin and expresses at least three principles: religious (cultus - "cult"), secular (culture as a desire for perfection) and worldly (cultio - "cultivate").
It should be noted that nature is also important in the development of culture. Some scholars claim that the connection between culture and nature dates back to the Paleolithic period. People of that time not only found food that is considered a natural need, but also practiced rituals such as painting in caves and holding funerals for the deceased. Archaeologists and historians believe that the first buds of the culture began to appear at the end of the first Paleolithic.
There is a certain general scheme by which culture as a whole is studied. According to this scheme, there is a creator (you can call him the author, the creator of a certain work) and a consumer, a recipient of information, text. Following this scheme, a cultural phenomenon unfolds in a certain space, in a certain time sequence. The Creator is at the beginning of this chain, the "recipient" at the end - as a point ending in a sentence.
Accordingly, the concepts of culture and creativity are interrelated. Through the connection between the creator and the recipient of that creative product, special emphasis is placed on the fact that culture is only for human. The main reason for this is that when an artist presents a product of his creation to the recipient, he leaves a certain idea that he is referring to. That is, the creator does not always fully explain the product of his creation to the recipient. The recipient revives and fills in his imagination some hidden meanings or characters of some kind.
While not denying that culture is related to the concept of creation, some scholars believe that it is interrelated with the concept of civilization. Because the term “civilized person” refers to a person who lives in harmony with the brightest examples of development in a civilized environment.
In the Cultural Encyclopedic Dictionary, the concepts of “culture” and “civilization”, on the one hand, are identified (“Civilization (Latin civilis - civil) is ... a synonym for culture, its stage following barbarism ...), on the other hand, it is emphasized that“ civilization "is a special type of organic integrity, which is either a symptom of the decline of culture, or its highest stage.
The Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary also speaks of the need to distinguish between culture and civilization, since “culture is the expression or the result of self-determination of the will of the people or the individual (“ cultured person ”), while civilization is the totality of the achievements of technology and the comfort associated with them” [Philosophical encyclopedia. Words. 2002: 229].
Speaking about the opposition "culture - civilization", we, following Theliya, recognize that civilization is a part of culture; it is included in the culture according to the belonging of a particular area, reflected in a certain form. This understanding of civilization as part of culture is fundamental for our research.

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