Ta’lim sohasi: 110000 Pedagogika Ta’lim yo`nalishi

Lecture № 7. Word formation. Affixation and conversion. Word composition.
Outline:
1. Types and ways of forming words.
2. Affixation, Conversion.
3. Word composition as a type of forming words.
4. Coordinative and subordinative compounds.
5. Semantic classification of compounds.
Key words: Monomorphic or root-words, word-derivatiоn, affixational morphemes, root morphemes, inflexions, derivational affixes, free morphemes, allomorphs
Morphemic types of words
According to the number of morphemes wordsare classified into monomorphic
and polymorphic. Monomorphic or root-words consist of only oneroot-morpheme, e.g. small, dog, make, give, etc. All p о l у m о r p h i сwords according to the number of root-morphemes are classified into twosubgroups: m o n o r a d i c a l (or one-root words) and p o l y r a d i c a l words, i.e. words which consist of two or more roots.M o n o r a d i c a l words fall into two subtypes:
1) r a d i c a l -s u f f i x a l words, i.e. words that consist of one root-morpheme andone or more suffixal morphemes, e.g. acceptable, acceptability, blackish,etc.;
2 ) r a d i c a l - p r e f i x a l words, i.e. words that consist of oneroot-morpheme and a prefixal morpheme, e.g. outdo, rearrange, unbutton,etc. and
3) p r e f i x o - r a d i c a l - s u f f i x a l , i.e. wordswhich consist of one root, a prefixal and suffixal morphemes, e.g. disagreeable,misinterpretation, etc.
P o l y r a d i c a l words fall into two types: 1) p o l y r a d i c a lwords which consist of two or more roots with no affixational morphemes, e.g.book-stand, eye-ball, lamp-shade, etc. and 2) words which cont a i n a tl e a s t t w o r o o t s a n d o n e o r m o r e a f f i x a t i o n a l m o r p h e m e s , e.g. safety-pin, wedding-pie, classconsciousness,light-mindedness, pen-holder, etc.
Word-Formationis the process of creating new words from the material available in the language after certain structural and semantic formulas and patterns. Forinstance, the noun healer is formed after the pattern v+-er, i.e. a verb-stem +-the noun-forming suffix -er. The meaning of the derived noundriver is related to the meaning of the stem heal- ‘to cure’ and the suffix -er meaning ‘an active agent’: a healer is ‘onewho heals’ (a patient or ill person). Likewise compoundsresulting from two or more stems joined together to form a new word are also built on quite definite structural and semantic patterns and formulas, for instance adjectives of the snow-white type are built according to the formula n+adj i.e. a noun-stem+an adjective-stem. It can easily be observed that the meaning of the whole compound is also related to the meanings of the component parts. The structural patterns with the semantic relations they signal give rise to regular new creations of derivatives, e.g. sleeper, giver, smiler or coal-blасk, tax-free, age-long etc.