Submitted to : Oregon Department of Transportation

59^ Silverstein, 533-546.

60^ Robert H. Ruby and John A. Brown. A Guide to the Indian Tribe of the Pacific Northwest. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press, 1992.

61^ Silverstein, 533-546.

62^ Seaburg, 561.

63^ Zenk, 1990a, 569.

64^ Zenk, 1990b, 572-579.

65^ Ruby, 1992.

66^ Zenk, 1990b, 574.

67^ Seaburg, 582.

68^ Silverstein, 533-546.

69^ David V Ellis, Judith S. Chapman, and John L. Fagan. Cultural Resources Reconnaissance Survey and Inventory of the Portland Segment of Level 3’s Proposed Fiber Optic Line from Portland, Oregon to Seattle, Washington. Prepared by Archaeological Investigations Northwest, Inc., Portland, Oregon, 1999.

70^ Ruby, 25-26.

71^ Seaburg, 561.

72^ Zenk, 1990a, 570.

73^ Ruby, 206-207.

74^ Confederated Tribes of Coos, Lower Umpqua, and Siuslaw Indians (CTCLUSI), “About Us,” CTCLUSI, http://ctclusi.org/about-us (accessed May 2, 2014).

75^ Ruby, 206-207.

76^ CTCLUSI, 2014.

77^ Dicken, 1978, 5-7.

78^ Ibid, 7.

79^ Ibid, 5-9.

80^ Dicken, 9.

81^ Ibid, 10-12.

82^ Ibid, 14-15.

83^ Ibid, 15, see Figure 11.

84^ Dicken, 25-17, see Figure 23.

85^ Ibid, 31-33.

86^ Ibid, 37-38, see Figure 32.

87^ Ibid, 42, see Figure 38.

88^ Ibid, 49, see Figure 43.

89^ Ibid, 55-58, see Figures 47 and 50.

90^ Dicken, 1982, see Figure 53.

91^ Ibid, 1982, see Figures 57 and 63.

92^ Leslie M. Scott, “Oregon Coast Highway,” Address, State Highway Commission, Gold Beach, OR, May 28,

1932, Reprinted in Oregon Historical Quarterly, XXXIII, 268.

93^ Scott, 268-269.

94^ Husing Onno, “A History of U.S. Highway 101”, Oregon Coastal Zone Management Association, Oregon Coastal News, March, 2008, 1-27.

95^ Joe R. Blakely, Lifting Oregon out of the Mud: Building the Oregon Coast Highway. Wallowa, OR: Bear Creek Press, 2006, 7.

96^ Hugh Myron Hoyt, Jr., “The Good Roads Movement in Oregon: 1900-1920,” thesis, University of Oregon, June 1966, 43-48.

97^ Blakely, 8.

98^ Gary Meier, “When the Highway Was Sand,” Oregon Coast, Jan/Feb 1991, 27.

99^ Meier, 27.

100^ The Oregonian, “Cannon Beach Rich in Scenery and Legend,” June 12, 1927, 91.

101^ The Oregonian, “Hug Point Road Ready,” April 15, 1910, 6.

102^ Meier, 27.

103^ Meier, 27.

104^ Meier, 27.

105^ BeachConnection.net, “Can I Drive on Oregon Coast Beaches? Rules, Regulations for Cars, Vehicles,” March 30, 2014, http://www.beachconnection.net/news/drivebeach043014_1014.php (accessed November 20, 2014).

106^ For the purposes of this document, the highway is referred to as US 101.

107^ Blakely, 9-10.

108^ Gary Meier, “When the Highway Was Sand,” Oregon Coast, Jan/Feb 1991, 26-27.

109^ ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Clatsop County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

110^ Blakely, 7.

111^ Blakely, 10.

112^ Blakely, 9.

113^ Oregonhighways.us, “Pacific Highway #1,” http://www.oregonhighways.us/html_files/Highways/hwy-001.html (accessed December 3, 2014).

114^Oregonhighways.us, “The Dalles-California Highway #4,” http://www.oregonhighways.us/html_files/Highways/hwy-004.html (accessed December 3, 2014).

115^ ODOT, History of State Highways in Oregon, Salem: ODOT, 2011, 15-1.

116^ KVAL, “Old McKenzie Highway Honored in American History,” http://www.kval.com/outdoors/featured/117096153.html (accessed December 3, 2014).

117^ Robert Hadlow, Historic Columbia River Highway National Historic Landmark Nomination, Portland, Oregon, 2000, 44.

118^ Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) History Committee, Oregon on the Move: A History of Oregon’s Transportation Systems, Salem: ODOT History Committee, 2009, 11.

119^ Hoyt, 249.

120^ Blakely, 10.

121^ Robert Hadlow, “McCullough, C.B. Major Oregon Coast Highway Bridges, National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property Submission,” National Park Service, Department of the Interior, 2005.

122^ Blakely, 11.

123^ Blakely, 11.

124^ OSHD, “General Administrative History: Federal Aid for Oregon Roads”, ODOT Library Archives, 1917, 1.

125^ OSHD, “General Administrative History: Federal Aid for Oregon Roads”, ODOT Library Archives, 1917, 3.

126^ Blakely, 11.

127^ Blakely, 13.

128^ Blakely, 12.

129^ Blakely, 13-15.

130^ Hadlow, 2005, 4.

131^ Hoyt, 46.

132^ Hoyt, 34.

133^ Oregon State Highway Commission (OSHC), First Biennial Report, 1913-1914, 19 and Plate No. 11.

134^ ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Clatsop County and Lane County ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

135^ ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Clatsop County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

136^ ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Lane County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

137^ T.W. Salisbury, The City and Port of Astoria Year Book: Annual Review of Shipping, Manufacturing and Development of the Lower Columbia River District U.S.A. Astoria: City of Astoria, 1924, 45; Blakely, 28.

138^ Salisbury, 43-45.

139^ Hoyt, 34.

140^ OSHC, 1914, 13-15.

141^ Scott, 286.

142^ ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Clatsop County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

143^ Ibid.

144^ Ibid.

145^ Ibid.

146^ Ibid.

147^ ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Lane County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

148^ Allen, 43.

149^ Appendix C. “Biennial Collection Map” contains a copy of each Biennial Report Map, these maps are very helpful for understanding the evolution of the highway overtime.

150^ Oregon State Highway Commission (OSHC), Third Biennial Report, 1918, 3.

151^ OSHC, 1918, 90.

152^ Ibid, 133.

153^ OSHC, Fourth Biennial Report, 1920, 164.

154^ OSHC, 1920, 194.

155^ OSHC, 1920, 304.

156^ OSHC, 1920, 352.

157^ All population data used in each Community Development Section, including population numbers for cities, precincts and counties, was acquired from U.S. Census Reports. Reports used in analysis include the Twelfth Census of the United States (1900), the Fourteenth Census of the United States (1920), the Fifteenth Census of the United States (1930), the Sixteenth Census of the United States (1940), the Seventeenth Census of the United States (1950), and the Eighteenth Census of the United States (1960). Data retrieved from http://www.census.gov/prod/www/decennial.html on December 17, 2014.

158^ City of Astoria, “History,” http://www.astoria.or.us/page/135 (accessed December 18, 2014).

159^ Scott, 286.

160^ PDXHistory.com, “Astoria,” http://www.pdxhistory.com/html/astoria.html (accessed December 18, 2014).

161^ Jeffrey H. Smith, Images of America: Astoria, Columbia River Maritime Museum, Charleston (SC): Arcadia Publishing, 111-112.

162^ “New Sawmill Probable,” The Oregonian, February 11, 1917, 5; “Paper Mill Machinery at Astoria,” The Oregonian, May 17, 1917, 10.

163^ “Houser Buys Shipbuilding Plant,” The Oregonian, June 17, 1917, 7.

164^ “Young’s Bay Must Wait,” The Oregonian, February 10, 1918, 41.

165^ Ibid.

166^ “Grain Elevator Will Rise at Young’s Bay,” The Oregonian, January 27, 1919, 1.

167^ “Warrenton to Ask Road,” The Oregonian, February 25, 1919, 2.

168^ Ibid.

169^ The City of Seaside, Oregon, “Seaside’s Rich Historical Past,” http://www.seasideor.com/item.asp?iid=22 (accessed December 18, 2014).

170^ Ibid.

171^ Ibid.

172^ Tillamook Dairy, “Tillamook: Our History,” http://www.tillamook.com/tillamook-story/history.html#,1 (accessed December 18, 2014).

173^ Tillamook County Online, “Tillamook County History,” http://tillamoo.com/history/ (accessed December 18, 2014).

174^ Ibid.

175^ City of Lincoln City, “Lincoln City: Wander Through our History,” http://www.oregoncoast.org/heritage-culture/ (accessed December 18, 2014).

176^ Ibid.

177^ Ibid.

178^ North Lincoln Pioneer and Historical Association (NLPHA), Pioneer History of North Lincoln County, Oregon Volume I, McMinnville, OR: Telephone Register Publishing Co., November, 1951, 9.

179^ Lincoln County Historical Society (LCHS), “Lincoln County: A Brief History,” http://www.oregoncoast.history.museum/lincolncountyhistory3.html (accessed December 18, 2014).

180^ NLPHA, 1951, 9.

181^ LCHS, “The History of Lincoln County Communities,” information from Oregon Geographic Names, edited by Lewis A. McArthur, 6th edition, website copy write 1992 Oregon Historical Society Press and from the Lincoln County Historical Society files. http://www.newportnet.com/coasthistory/Communities.htm (accessed December 18, 2014).

182^ Secretary of State, “Lane County History,” State Archives, http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/records/local/county/lane/hist.html (accessed December 18, 2014).

183^ Albert G. Walling, Illustrated History of Lane County, Oregon, Portland: A.G. Walling Publishing, 1884, 449.

184^ Secretary of State, “Douglas County History,” State Archives, http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/records/local/county/douglas/hist.html (accessed December 18, 2014).

185^ Ibid.

186^ Lewis A. McArthur, Lewis L. McArthur. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press, 2003, 803.

187^ Ibid, 392.

188^ Georgina Durbin, “The Gardiner That Was,” Douglas County Historical Society, 2011, http://www.douglascountyhistoricalsociety.org/2011/01/04/the-gardiner-that-was/ (accessed December 5, 2014).

189^ Ibid.

190^ McArthur, 228.

191^ Ethel Taylor, “Coos County History,” http://rebelcherokee.labdiva.com/cooshist.html (accessed December 18, 2014).

192^ Taylor, 2014.

193^ Allen, 157-158.

194^ Secretary of State, “Curry County History,” State Archives, http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/pages/records/local/county/curry/hist.html (accessed December 18, 2014).

195^ Blakley, 7.

196^ USGS, “Jump-Off Joe,” http://walrus.wr.usgs.gov/pubinfo/jump.html (accessed January 20, 2015].

197^ “Jump Off Joe Immune. Newport May Enjoin Advertisers Who Desecrate Pet Rock,” The Oregonian, July 1, 1914; “Seascape To Be Natural,” The Oregonian, July 23, 1914.

198^ Dr. Warren D. Smith, “Geology of Automobile Route Along Corvallis-Newport Road Explained,” The Sunday Oregonian, May 3, 1925.

199^ Beach Connection, “Newport's Jump-Off Joe, Rock Structure History,” http://www.beachconnection.net/vtour_newp29.htm (accessed January 20, 2015].

200^ U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, “Three Arch Rocks National Wildlife Refuge,” http://www.fws.gov/oregoncoast/3archrocks/ (accessed January 26, 2015].

201^ Larry McKinley, Interviewed by authors, ODOT Region 2, District 1, Personal interview, Astoria, OR., July

31, 2014.

202^ Rockaway Beach Chamber of Commerce, “History: Making Memories for more than 100 Years,” http://www.rockawaybeach.net/explore/history/ (accessed December 22, 2014).

203^ “Many People Seeking Rest and Pleasure at the Seashore,” The Oregonian, July 29, 1917, 44.

204^ Ibid, 44-47.

205^ Ibid, 46-47.

206^ Blakely, 16.

207^ Oregon State Law, Chapter 395, Oregon Laws, 1921.

208^ Oregon Department of Transportation (ODOT) History Committee, Oregon on the Move: A History of Oregon’s Transportation Systems, Salem: ODOT History Committee, [2009?], 22.

209^ Blakely, 18.

210^ Merriam, 20.

211^ Blakely, 32.

212^ Blakely, 40.

213^ OHSC, 1928, 13.

214^ Ibid, 44.

215^ Oregon State Law, Chapter 90, Oregon Laws, 1931.

216^ ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Coos County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

217^ “Roads Group to Fight for New Bridges,” Astoria Daily Budget, December 14, 1931, 1.

218^ Merriam, 19.

219^ Lawrence C. Merriam Jr, Oregon’s Highway Park System 1921-1989, An Administrative History, Salem: Oregon Parks and Recreation Department, 1992, 19.

220^ Merriam, 20.

221^ Merriam, 262.

222^ Merriam, 20.

223^ Armstrong, Section 2.

224^ Merriam, 21.

225^ Merriam, 262.

226^ Merriam, 22.

227^ Oregon Blue Book, Notable Oregonians: Samuel H. Boardman – State Parks Pioneer. Oregon Secretary of State, 2014.

228^ Merriam, 23.

229^ Oregon Blue Book.

230^ Merriam, 26; 262.

231^Blakely, 26.

232^ ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Clatsop County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

233^ ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Tillamook County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem; ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Coos County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

234^ Merriam, 23.

235^ ODOT, 2011, various pages.

236^ Status of Railroad R/W Ownership Thru City of Seaside, ODOT, Road Establishment Files: Clatsop County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

237^ Blakely, 19.

238^ Ibid.

239^ OHSC, 1922, 56.

240^ Ibid.

241^ Blakely, 23.

242^ Ibid.

243^ Ibid.

244^ Ibid.

245^ OSHS, 1922, 56.

246^ Ibid.

247^ ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Lane County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

248^ Ibid.

249^ Ibid.

250^ Blakely, 27.

251^ Oregon State Highway Commission, Specifications and Contract Agreements for State Highway Construction, Salem, 1924.

252^ OSHC, 1924, 56.

253^ OSHC, 1926, 71.

254^ OSHC, 1926, 71.

255^ OSHC, 1926, 71.

256^ Oregon State Highway Department, Plan and Profile of Proposed State Highway. Euchre Creek—Rogue River Section, Curry County, ODOT Library Archives, September, 1925; ODOT, Road Establishments Files: Lincoln County, ODOT Library and History Center, Salem.

257^ Scott, 270.

258^ OHSC, 1928, 12.

259^ OHSC, 1928, 13.

260^ OHSC, 1928, 66.

261^ OSHD, Plan and Profile of Proposed State Highway. Bandon—Port Orford Section, Coos and Curry Counties, 2B-9-5, ODOT Library Archives, March, 1927.

262^ Ibid.