Activity Level:“The amount of work done or the volume of production is called activity level”.
Classification by Behaviour
Variable Costs Fixed Costs Stepped Fixed Cost Semi-Variable Cost.
Variable Cost:“A cost that varies in total with the change in activity level but remains constant in per
unit is called variable costs”. Examples: Material purchased, worker paid per unit, royalty paid per
unit, etc.
Charts: In Total: In per unit:
$ total
cost
$ Per unit
0 Activity Level.
0 Activity Level.
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In case of discounts:
If discount is applicable on only excess units:
In Total:
In per unit:
$ Total
$ Per unit
costs
0 Activity Level.
0 Activity Level.
If discount is applicable on all units:
In Total:
In per unit:
$ Total
$ Per unit
costs
0 Activity Level.
0 Activity Level.
Fixed Costs:“A cost that remains fix in total with the change in activity level (with a specific range)
but changes in per unit is called fixed cost”.
Fixed cost does not depend on the activity level, it relates
with the passage of time.
Examples:
Rent, Salaries, Straight line depreciation, etc.
Charts: In Total: In per unit:
$ Total
$ Per unit
costs
0 Activity Level.
0 Activity Level.
Stepped Fixed Cost:“A cost that fix for a certain level of activity, will increase and will then remain fix
again until another level of production is called stepped fixed cost”. Examples: Store rent,
Supervisor’s salaries, Tyre replacement, Oil change cost, etc.
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Charts: In Total: In per unit:
$ Total cost $ per unit
0 Activity level
0 Activity level
Mixed Cost/ Semi-Variable/Semi-Fixed Cost:“A cost which has both elements fixed and variable is
called semi-variable cost”. Examples: b
ills, guaranteed wage, cost of running car, etc.
Charts: In Total: In per unit:
$ Total cost $ per unit
0
Activity level
0 Activity level
HIGH-LOW METHOD
This a method used to determine fixed and variable elements of mixed cost. It relies on the assumption
that mixed costs are linear.
APPLYING HIGH LOW METHOD
This method consists of selecting the periods of highest and lowest activity levels and comparing the
changes in costs that result from two levels. Application of the method requires the following steps:
1.
Identify two different levels of activities: the highest and the lowest level of activities and the
corresponding costs.
2.
Find the variable cost per unit by
Total costs at highest activity level – Total costs at lowest activity level
Total units at highest activity level – Total units at lowest activity level
3.
Compare the variable cost with the total costs at either the lowest activity level or highest activity level
to compute the total fixed cost.
Total costs at highest activity level – (Total units at highest level x Variable cost per unit)
OR
Total costs at lowest activity level – (Total units at lowest level x Variable cost per unit)
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4.
Form the equation
Total Cost
=
Total Fixed Cost
+
Total Variable cost
Total Cost
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