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Techniques of GTM
There are some techniques those are used in implementing GTM, every technique is related with the others, according to Larsen Freeman (2006: 19-20), the techniques are:
Translation of a literary passage
The students translate a reading passage from the target language into the native language. The translation may be written or spoken both.
Reading comprehension questions
The students answer questions in the target language based on their understanding of the passage they are read.
Antonyms/synonyms
The students ordered to find out the antonym of some words in the passage.
Cognates
The teacher teaches the students to recognize cognates by learning the sound patterns or spelling that correspond between the languages.
Deductive application of rule
Grammar rules are presented with examples. Exception to each rules are also noted. Once the students understand a rule, they are ordered to apply it to some different examples.
Fill in the blanks
The students are given a series of sentences with word missing and they fill in the blanks with new vocabulary items or with items of particular grammar type.
Memorization
Students are given lists of target language vocabulary words and their native language equivalents and are asked to memorize them. Students are also required to memorize grammatical rules and grammatical paradigms such as verb conjugation.
Use words in sentences
In order to show that students understand the meaning and use of a new vocabulary item, they make up sentences in which they use the new words.
Composition
The teacher gives the students a topic to write about in the target language. The topic is based upon some aspect of the reading passage of the lesson.
Those techniques can be used separately or united in an implementation of teaching learning activity.
Advantages and Disadvantages of GTM
Every method in teaching foreign language has advantages and disadvantages that should be taken into account by teacher, GTM also has some advantages and disadvantages, Gorzky (nd) mentioned that the advantages of GTM are (i) it reduces the teacher stress, the students translate the text from target language into native language, so the teacher involvement is rarely necessary, and teacher who is not fluent in target language, especially English is able to teach by using this method, (ii) it focuses on grammar, sentence structure and word meaning, in can help the students to learn how to read and write in the target language. In the other site, Gorzky (nd) mentioned the disadvantages of this method are (i) less learner or students motivation and participation, because GTM is not interactive method,the students will not be motivated, and also there is less students participation and teacher- learner relationship because they just learn from a textbook, (ii) unnatural and inaccurate pronunciation, the students only learn about the grammar and word meaning from a textbook, it makes them do not know how to pronounce the words naturally and accurately.
Those are some advantages and disadvantages of GTM, the teacher should give attention to those when he/she want to use GTM in teaching language on the class.
Implementation of GTM
Based on the techniques above, implementation of GTM is divided into four phases: first, the teacher gives the students a reading text, second, the students ordered to read the text silently, third, the teacher help the students to identify a grammar rule in the text and translate the text word by word directly and fourth, the students memorize the grammar rule and the translation. See the process below:
For example, here is an activity of teaching learning activity using GTM:
At beginning of the class, the teacher gives the students a text entitled „Nyi Roro Kidul’:
Nyi Roro Kidul
Dewi Kandita was an unlucky princess. Her father, Prabu Siliwangi of Pajajaran, had many wives. Because Dewi Kandita and her mother (Queen Mayangsari) were very beautiful, all the mistress, the king’s wives were jealous. They used some kind of black magic to curse Dewi Kandita and her mother. The princess and the queen became ugly and dirty.
Dewi Kandita’s life changed after she was cursed. She and her mother wandered in the forest. Unfortunately, her mother didn’t survive, she died.
Dewi Kandita was confused and upset. She cried until she fell asleep. She had a dream. She herself jumped into the water and was free from the curse. When she got up, she jumped into the sea without a second thought. She turned into a buaetiful lady. She was beautiful as she was before. Then she realized that she was no longer a human.
Dewi Kandita became a powerful goddess. She rules all „creatures’ on the southern coast of Java and she is known as Kanjeng Ratu Kidul (Nyai Roro Kidul). She wanted to get even with her father. She became a primary bride of Mataram’s kings, the rivals of Pajajaran king. People say she traps males who wear green clothes while they walk along the shore. They are swallowed by the waves and are either missing or dead. People still believe that they have become her guards or male companion.
Silently, the students read the text, then identifying the grammar rule and translating word by word by the teacher’s help:
Generally, the text is structured as simple past tense, because there are some to be was and were also the text generally use verb 2, such as: had, became, wandered, died, cried, thought, got up, etc.
The first sentence: “Dewi Kandita was an unlucky woman”^S+ to be+ complement
The sentence structure is simple past tense as a nominal sentence because there is no verb in the sentence. The translation of the words in the sentence are:
“Dewi Kandita: name of a woman.
Was: a to be that shows the action is happened in the past, the meaning is adalah.
An: an article to shows that the woman is alone, the meaning is seorang
Unlucky: an adjective word to classify the noun „woman’, the meaning is tidak beruntung.
Woman: a noun, the meaning is wanita”.
The activity is repeated till the end of the text, and then the students are ordered to memorize the grammar rule of the text and the translation of the words in the text.
Conclusion
Grammar Translation Method (GTM) is on of classical method that is used in teaching foreign language, this method focuses on the grammar rule and words meaning and do not give attention to the pronunciation of the words.
There are some characteristics, techniques, advantages and disadvantages of Grammar Translation Method (GTM) those should be taken into account by the teachers who want to use this method in teaching foreign language in the class to avoid some mistakes.
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