-ship
friendship
-tion
population
-sion
inversion
-xion
complexion
....
Verb suffixes
-ate
I irritate
-en
harden
-ify
identify
-ise
visualise
-ize
realize
....
Act ·ective suffixes
-able
washable
-ous
famous
-al
approval
-en
wooden
-ing
exciting
ed
bored
-fut
forqetful
-less
hopeless
-y
cloudy
-ent
efficient
-ic
classic
-ical
chemical
-istic
realistic
-ish
childish
-ive
active
-ian
Canadian
-i
Banqladeshi
-ese
Japanese
-some
tiresome
-ly
monthly
....
Common prefixes
anti-
anti-war
auto-
automobile
co-
co-worker
counter-
counterpoint
de-
devalue
dis-
disagree
down-
downgrade
ex-
ex-member
extra-
extraordinary
hyper-
hyperactive
ii-
illeqal
im-
impossible
in-
inactive
inter-
interchanqe
ir-
irrational
mat-
mal-function
mega-
mega deal
mid-
midday
mini-
min-library
mis-
mislead
non-
non-stop
over-
oversleep
out-
outrun
post-
postqraduate
pre-
preiudqe
pro-
proactive
re-
rebuild
semi-
semi-final
sub-
subdivide
super-
supermodel
tele-
telephone
trans-
transplant
ultra-
ultrasound
un-
undo
up-
upgrade
..._ Reading Skills
&
Strategies
89:
Identify how words relate to each other
Understanding how words relate to each other, within the structure of a text, will help you
identify meaning and decide which words are important. You may understand the overall
meaning of a sentence or text, but not specific words or examples of what is being discussed
or vice versa.
Words can be divided into the following categories: content words and grammar words.
Content words
are words that give information. They may be nouns (for example,
dog,
concept),
verbs
(to act, to go),
adjectives
(awake, considerable)
or adverbs
(very, unusually).
Content words may form a group of words.
Grammar words
are words that show grammatical structure and indicate how other words in
a sentence relate to one other. They can be helpful for understanding meaning, but they do
not directly give information themselves. They may include prepositions (for example,
up,
under),
pronouns
(he, her)
determiners and articles
(some, many, few, the, a, an)
or auxiliary
verbs
(is/are, have).
46
IEL TS Reading Formula
{MAXIMISER)
Reading Skills
&
Strategies
90:
Identify adjectives & adverbs where necessary
Adjectives:
Descriptive adjectives are the most numerous of the different types of adjectives.
These adjectives describe nouns that refer to action, state, or quality. They give an idea about
the characteristics of the noun by answering the question 'what kind'.
New Delhi is a large city with many historical monuments.
Adverbs:
A word that describes or gives more information about a verb, adjective, adverb or phrase.
Bangkok is a city where commerce and pleasure happily share the same parts of town .
..,..
Reading Skills
&
Strategies
91:
Pay particular attention to collocations
Collocation is the relationship between two words or groups of words that often go together
and form a common expression.
Types of Col I ocati on
There are several different types of collocation made from combinations of verb, noun,
adjective etc. Some of the most common types are:
Adverb + Adjective
completely satisfied (NOT Ele
1
1vAFi§At satisfied)
Adjective + Noun
excruciating pain (NOT excruciating J&Y)
Noun+ Noun
a surge of anger (NOT a ftf5fl of anger)
Noun+ Verb
lions roar (NOT lions Sflet:lt)
Verb+ Noun
commit suicide (NOT 1:mEleFt:al(:e suicide)
Verb+ Expression with Preposition
burst into tears (NOT 131ew t119 iA tears)
Verb + Adverb
wave frantically (NOT wave reveFisl=lly)
Familiarity with collocations will allow you to predict some of the answers .
..,..
Reading Skills & Strategies
92:
Be familiar with types of clauses
An
independent clause
is a clause that can stand alone. You can think of this as a simple
sentence. There is a subject, verb, and complete thought.
A
dependent clause
is a clause that cannot stand alone; it depends on another clause to make
it a complete sentence. You can recognise a dependent clause because it starts with a
subordinate conjunction. A subordinate conjunction is a word that joins ideas together and
shows the relationship between ideas. Some of the subordinate conjunctions that you may
already know are
'because,' 'although,' 'where,'
and
'after.'
Subordinate conjunctions may
represent
time,
cause and
effect,
and contrast.
It is important to remember that a dependent clause is not a complete thought. For example,
'Because it was not his turn,'
this would not be a complete thought. Your audience does not
know what happened because it was not his turn. To make a dependent clause a complete
thought, you should combine it with an independent one:
'Because it was not his turn, John
passed
the balf.'
IELTS Reading Formula
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