Living with Asbestosis
Asbestosis typically occurred among those working in the mill where dust levels were
considerably higher; however cases were also reported among the miners. Participants
recounted that depending on the stage of the asbestosis, men displayed a variety of
symptoms: difficulty with breathing upon exertion, reduced lung capacity, clubbing of fingers,
lung infections, chronic bronchitis, tuberculosis and emphysema. The treatment for
asbestosis often required lengthy hospitalization. The victim’s health continued to deteriorate
despite having been removed from the source, and eventually resulted in his death.
Whether they settled in Italy or Australia, the men’s protracted health issues impacted
upon the whole family. Men would have to interrupt work or find alternative employment as
the debilitating symptoms and secondary infections to which they were prone made it difficult
to undertake heavy or dusty work. Women, feeling the financial pressure, found jobs to
supplement their husband’s income. Others, at the behest of their husbands, stayed home to
look after the children and economized. Although men preferred to work, in the case of ill-
health in Australia at least, they received compensation under Western Australia’s Workers’
Compensation Act when they were too ill to do so. The stories of two families, Lina Tagliaferri
and Valentina Giannasi, illustrate the impact asbestosis had on the men and families and the
responsibilities wives and children assumed.
After nearly seven years in Wittenoom, Lina Tagliaferri and her husband, Beppe,
returned to Perth with their family in late 1957. They had been the only ones to remain from
the first group of recruited Lombard miners who had arrived in 1951. Lina and her husband
had intended to stay only two or three years in Wittenoom, to take advantage of the
permanent work and good earnings. They extended their stay because of Beppe’s inability to
find permanent work in Perth. An experienced miner, he had even tried gold mining in
Kalgoorlie for a brief period, but had deemed it more dangerous than working in the
Wittenoom mine.
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One day in November 1957 Beppe had come home from the mine feeling very ill. The
doctor’s treatment proved ineffectual, and within a few days — and only after Lina’s
insistence — her husband was sent to Perth.
38
At the Perth hospital, where he was first
admitted, multiple penicillin treatments dealt with the infection, but Beppe was required to
stay in hospital. His condition had been diagnosed as asbestosis and required further
hospital care. Daughter Maria recalled “unfortunately when he came down from Wittenoom
then he had no (she demonstrated his difficulty in breathing) breath and he couldn’t do
anything”.
39
Beppe was subsequently admitted to Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital. Lina and the
two children followed him to Perth in December, when it had become clear it was to be a
lengthy hospitalization.
The family already owned a home, having purchased it during a previous trip to Perth
when their young daughter, Maria, had had to undergo a tonsillectomy. Lina and the children
spent a year visiting Beppe in hospital. Possibly alluding to tuberculosis, in her description
she explained that
He just wasn’t well enough. I don’t know when it was that
they sent him from Royal Perth to there [Sir Charles
Gairdner Hospital]. They had told him from 6 to 9 months.
After 9 months had passed, they then said he would have
to stay more than a year. But when the year approached,
they still found him positive and my husband was
shocked. Then they kept him in, until the end of the
month. Then the professor let him come home… for
Christmas... for two or three days. The doctor had told
him to tell me… separate dishes… to wash them
separately… to not let the children use those he had
used.
40
Beppe underwent treatment, some of which he recounted to Lina only after the event. As she
explained the treatment to me, she gestured.
It was all dust from the mine. They gave him so many of
those tests. Here they made a hole and a tablet was sent
down which went down into the lung like this. He was tied
on a table like this. He told me later. He didn’t tell me this.
He had signed and I couldn’t complain. He was tied on
the table. When he passed out, they turned him over and
stuff came out of his nose and… from his mouth. And of
that stuff which came out... that stuff from Wittenoom
wouldn’t come out — the asbestos — because it gets into
38
It is quite possible that the first reported case of an Italian scraper miner with asbestosis mentioned
by Dr McNulty in his 1968 paper was in fact Lina Tagliaferri’s husband, for he was a scraper miner.
39
Interview with Maria Scali, Perth, November 2008.
40
Interview with Lina Tagliaferri, Perth, November 2008.
258
the lung and doesn’t come out… the dust from the mine
but not that stuff there.
On weekends, the family travelled back and forth from their Osborne Park home to Sir
Charles Gairdner Hospital in Nedlands. It was a distance of about eleven kilometres, but took
an hour and a half by public transport. Hospital protocol excluded visits from children; most
probably because of the fear of the spread of infection. This left nine year old Maria and her
five year old brother, Carlo, to amuse themselves downstairs, with their parents monitoring
them from Beppe’s hospital window. Maria remembers her father looking out from the
window and throwing down money to purchase a soft drink or ice cream, much to the
children’s delight.
On Tuesdays and Thursdays, when the children were at school, Lina spent hospital
visiting hours, between 3 and 5 p.m., with her husband. Bebbe did not like the hospital food,
so Lina prepared him home cooked meals. She used fresh eggs from their own chickens and
produce from the vegetable garden. In the hospital bed next to her husband was a Polish
man, another ex-Wittenoom worker with no family. Lina felt sorry for him and also took him
food. If she missed the bus, it meant the children were home alone. She recalled:
I was leaving a little 9 year old at home alone. I would
instruct Maria, “When you get home, you can play
outside but once it gets dark go inside and lock the door”.
I had shown her how to use the wood heater. I didn’t
have an electric heater. I had prepared the kindling and
all she had to do was to light it.
Lina wanted to work to supplement the family income, but her husband convinced her
otherwise:
“You want to go to work to do what? If you go to work the
children will be neglected.” I didn’t have family to say: I’ll
leave them with this one or that one. I couldn’t. He said
— because they were giving him a pension because he
was sick…every two weeks — “If you go to work, they
won’t give you any more than what they give me here...
Stay home and look after your children. Economize… If
you’re a woman who can’t, you won’t succeed”.
Lina was resourceful and found ways to get by, just as she had in Italy, when her husband
had worked away from home. As she told me:
They spend too much, wasting for this. You have to get
by and because I had a big area I put in potatoes, onions,
garlic, chicory, lettuce. I kept chickens for the eggs.
There was a lady on the corner who said, “If you have
259
eggs, bring them to me because I have customers who
will buy them”.
41
Beppe was finally released from hospital, with instructions to convalesce for three or
four months. He was receiving insurance payments, but worked when he was able. Lina
does not know what he got into his head, but Beppe decided they should buy a business — a
fruit shop and delicatessen. They persisted in the venture for 19 months. Meanwhile every
three to six months, Beppe attended the Murray Street Clinic for check-ups. By December
1961 the doctor had warned him if he did not want to return to Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital
he had to sell the business. The stress of running a business — the early morning trips to the
market to buy produce, grocery deliveries and the long hours at the shop — was taking its
toll on Beppe’s health. In April 1962 they sold the business. Beppe followed the doctor’s
orders to convalesce for six months. They went to visit family in Italy. Lina, Beppe and the
children returned to Perth in December 1962. The option to remain in Italy permanently was
not a consideration. Lina explained, “ Stavamo meglio qui che in Italia”.
42
On their return, Beppe found work as a taxi driver. Max Italia, a friend from
Wittenoom, suggested they buy a taxi licence just as he had done. Once they had saved
enough, they did so. Beppe drove the taxi until about a year before his death. Lina recounted
proudly the conversation which had occurred between Beppe and their accountant. The
accountant had been curious to learn how Beppe had been able to buy the taxi:
It wasn’t that he paid a deposit. He paid cash every time.
And my husband said to him, “If I give my wife $10 to put
away after 100 years I’ll find them here. If I tell her that
she must put these away, that’s how it is”.
43
In 1979, with their two children settled, Lina and her husband found tenants for their
Perth home and moved to Bullsbrook. They had built a house there on land they had
purchased previously. They had made the decision to move to Bullsbrook because Beppe’s
brother lived there with his family, as did their paesani, the Oprandis. They spent many
happy hours with both families. Beppe’s deteriorating health made it increasingly difficult for
him to work. Following his doctor’s suggestion he applied for and was granted an invalid
41
Interview with Lina Tagliaferri, Perth, November 2008.
42
We were better off here [Australia] than in Italy.
43
Interview with Lina Tagliaferri, Perth, November 2008.
260
pension. During our time together in 2008, Lina spoke only briefly about her husband’s death
in 1983, at age 61:
44
He went back to hospital — the lung one [Sir Charles
Gairdner]. They told him they had made a mistake with
his medication (laughs) and he was short of breath. He
sold his [taxi] business. He stayed at home, then he
became ill and he got... he died... no... otherwise,
he…[she does not finish the sentence].
45
A year later when I spoke with her again, Lina faltered as she spoke about her husband’s last
trip to the hospital:
He was no longer able to breathe. I woke up and he
wasn’t in bed. I went out and he was seated on the
couch. He said, “I can’t breathe”… He left from
Bullsbrook. He drove right to Perth, to Panizza, the
doctor’s… and that guy from the taxi got in contact with
the taxi base and they got in touch with Charles Gairdner
[hospital]… and they were there with an ambulance and
oxygen to meet him. He had his lungs full of liquid. The
doctor had understood nothing. He was treating him for
other things and his lungs were full of liquid!
46
It was evident that Lina still missed Beppe as she pointed to a photo of her husband
and brother-in-law, prominently displayed in her kitchen. Both had died within 6 months of
each other; Beppe from asbestosis and Mario from mesothelioma. She reflected on what had
been important to her and her husband during their married life:
We always got by: our children married — my daughter
got married. My son... He has no children. My daughter
has one boy and two girls.
47
Later that same year, Lina moved back to Perth. Subsequently she went to Italy to nurse her
ailing mother until her death.
48
Lina then returned permanently to Perth where her children
and their families live. Enjoying the benefits of modern technology, Lina keeps abreast of
world news with her television tuned to Italian RAI T.V. programs, which plays in the
background as she goes about her day.
In 1960 two years after Lina Tagliaferri and her family had departed from
Wittenoom, Valentina Giannasi’s husband, Bruno, had begun working in the Colonial mill,
44
Thirty-two years after Beppe had arrived in Wittenoom.
45
Interview with Lina Tagliaferri, Perth, November 2008.
46
Interview with Lina Tagliaferri, Perth, October 2009.
47
Interview with Lina Tagliaferri, Perth, November 2008.
48
For a discussion on transnational care giving see
Baldassar, L. (2007), 'Transnational Families and
the provision of moral and emotional support: The relationship between truth and distance',
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