parts of the Hamersley Ranges.
42
He would make as much money in the back-freight of
supplies and alcohol from the coast to the mine as he did from asbestos.
43
In the 1930s and
1940s Western Australian government policy on prospecting for asbestos, copper, iron ore
and other minerals was limited to encouragement of “the little man”. It was not until the 1960s
that government policy supported the establishment of large scale mining projects which only
large corporations had the capacity to undertake. CSR’s entry into blue asbestos mining at
Wittenoom in 1943 was the harbinger of the change to large scale mining.
44
CSR’s origins were in England in the 1830s, at a time when English capital was being
invested into pastoralist ventures in the Australian colonies. Two English businessmen,
Francis Kemble and William Knox Child, saw Australia as a likely place for a sugar refinery.
In 1855 the Colonial Sugar Refining Company was established, and would eventually branch
into various subsidiary companies. CSR’s successful Building Materials Division had its
beginnings with the use of asbestos in its building products from the 1950s.
45
In 2012 CSR
39
Layman (1994), Op Cit. p. 306.
40
National Archives of Australia, Perth: Wittenoom Aerodrome File 66/807. Press statement
announcing the closure of Wittenoom from CSR General Manager, Sir James Vernon, 1 December
1966.
41
McCulloch (1986), Op Cit. p. 70. Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story, (1963),
Chapter 6. This history had been written at the request of Mr K. O. Brown, Chairman and Managing
Director, ABA Pty. Ltd.
42
Hancock, L. (1966) ‘Start of Blue Asbestos Industry in W.A.’, Australian Mining, 15 March. The
Western Australian Royal Historical Society archives, box 26 – 1974/29.
43
McCulloch (1986), Op Cit. p. 70.
44
Layman (1981), Op Cit.
45
Lowndes, A. G. (ed.), (1956), South Pacific Enterprise: The Colonial Sugar Refining Company
Limited (Sydney: Angus and Robertson), Chapter 2.
25
had generated total revenue of $1.862 billion and was ranked number 190 out of the top
2,000 companies in Australia.
46
CSR’s entry into asbestos mining at Wittenoom came about for two reasons: the
company’s need to source asbestos within Australia for their Building Materials Division,
established to meet the growing demand of the construction industry for inexpensive building
materials, and the government’s plan to make Australia self-sufficient in the production of
that fibre. In 1942 CSR had acquired an asbestos cement factory in Sydney and had begun
sourcing asbestos deposits in Australia. Concurrently the halting of asbestos imports during
World War 2 had prompted the federal government to pursue the development of a self-
sufficient asbestos mining industry. CSR became interested in the asbestos deposits at
Wittenoom based on geological surveys conducted by the Department of Mines in the 1930s
and early 1940s. The Department of Mines Report outlined the nature and extent of the
deposits, the economic possibilities and the prospects of establishing an industry based on
the production of blue asbestos.
47
The following year CSR acquired the Wittenoom leases
and formed Australian Blue Asbestos Limited to operate the mine.
48
In Wittenoom Gorge the
company built a staff settlement of 13 houses, while workers lived in barracks and tents.
49
The remoteness of the northwest of Western Australia and the crude working
conditions hampered the mine’s development as did the requirement for CSR Board
approval on all matters pertaining to the running of the Wittenoom operation.
50
Several years
passed before the venture would show any financial promise. In fact on several occasions
46
IBISWorld (2012), 'IBISWorld Company Report: CSR Limited', p.4.
47
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 6.
48
Ibid. Chapter 1.
49
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit 10246: The Inquiry into Asbestos Issues at Wittenoom by Hon. Mark
Nevill and Alan Rogers, 1 August 1992, for the Western Australian Parliament, p. 27. The Settlement
which housed Senior Staff and families is where Wittenoom Gorge meets Eastern Gorge, about one
kilometre downstream from the Wittenoom Mine. Ironically the inquiry notes this privileged and scenic
place was affected more by the dust from the mill than was the township of Wittenoom which was 10
kilometres away further down the Gorge.
50
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10571.0: Report from C. Adams, Inspector of Mines, Cue to the
State Mining Engineer, Perth regarding the Western Australian Blue Asbestos Company 24 October
1945. Musk, A. W. et al., (1992), Op Cit. Williams, T. (1990), 'Wittenoom - A Personal Account', AWU
Journal, pp. 7-11. Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no: 10142: Letter from Managing Director CSR to the
Secretary ABA Ltd Perth, 10 September 1943. Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibits no. 10147: Extracts of
CSR Board Minutes (1943-1967 inclusive) and no. 10241: Extracts of CSR Board Minutes (1 January
1943 - 30 June 1987).
26
between 1943 and 1945 CSR considered whether it should continue with the project.
51
The
company proceeded because of Commonwealth and Western Australian governments’
assurances of support in 1946.
52
By 1947 sufficient work had been completed for the
company to decide that the operation needed to be on a much larger scale, if it was to be
profitable. Wittenoom’s isolation and crude accommodation made it difficult to find a
committed labour force, rendering the general progress of production slow.
53
Neither CSR
nor the government seem to have taken into account the enormity of the task involved in
developing a mine in such an isolated location. The company was a successful sugar
producing company, but had no experience in mining. This lack of expertise together with the
policy of keeping running costs to a minimum always hampered its progress.
For CSR to entice long-term workers and increase its production, proper
accommodation for the men and their families and recreation facilities were to be essential.
54
By the late 1940s construction of a town for 700 to 1,000 people began.
55
The Western
Australian government initially built 152 family homes (178 by 1963), a post office, hospital,
police station, State School, and provided the town water supply. ABA Limited supplied
accommodation for 100 single men (180 by 1963) and built a hotel, general store, butchery,
bakery, library, café, employees’ amenities building, cinema, tennis courts, cricket ground
and race track.
56
An aerodrome was located about a mile from the town on Crown Land
leased to Mulga Downs Limited. In 1950 Mulga Downs Limited agreed to the exclusion of
that portion of land from its Pastoral Lease, allowing the Department of Aviation to lease and
be responsible for the control and maintenance of the land for a sum of £ 2 [$4] per year for
51
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibits no. 10147: Extracts of CSR Board Minutes (1943-1967 inclusive) and
no. 10241: Extracts of CSR Board Minutes (1 January 1943 - 30 June 1987).
52
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 1.
53
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 1. Motley Rice Plaintiff’s
Exhibit no. 10147.00: Extracts from CSR Board Minutes (1943-67 inclusive) concerning the Wittenoom
Asbestos Venture. In November 1944 C.W.R. Powell brings the ABA Ltd labour shortage problem to
the attention of the CSR Board.
54
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 1. Motley Rice Plaintiff’s
Exhibit no. 10571: Report from C. Adams, Inspector of Mines, Cue to the State Mining Engineer, Perth
regarding the Western Australian Blue Asbestos Company 24 October 1945.
55
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 4.
56
Ibid. Chapter 4.
27
fifteen years.
57
Subsequently a 9-hole golf course, tennis courts equipped for night play, a
rifle club, sports oval, basket ball court, children’s playground and a bowling green were
built.
58
In 1956 the Catholic church-cum-school, Corpus Christi, opened.
59
The reported costs
for the establishment of the town, in 1963, amounted to £750,000: the Western Australian
and Federal governments’ contribution was £600,000.
60
During the 23 years the mine operated 18,000 residents — workers and families from
52 migrant groups — lived in the town, with several families remaining long after the mine’s
closure. 7,000 workers were employed at the mine and mill or in the General Store, the
Single Men’s mess, the hospital, the Italian bar and as drivers. The Italians were the largest
migrant group comprising 1,102 workers.
61
Approximately 60 per cent of workers remained only six months, unable to tolerate
the living and working conditions.
62
57
National Archives of Australia, Perth: Wittenoom Gorge Aerodrome site. File no. 49/83. Part No. 1.
Item no.1949/83.
58
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 1. Long time Wittenoom
resident, Venera Uculano, supplied the information that the golf course was made up of nine holes.
59
Email communication from Sister Frances Stibi, Catholic Church Archives, Mt Lawley, Western
Australia, 23 March 2011.
60
Motley Rice Plaintiff’s Exhibit no. 10554: The ABA Story (1963), Chapter 4.
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