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Grammar:Simple Past Tense

With most verbs, the past tense is formed by adding –ed:

called

liked

wanted

worked

But there are a lot of irregular past tense forms in English. Here are the most common irregular verbs in English, with their past tense forms:

Base form	Past tense
be begin break bring buy build choose come cost cut do draw drive eat feel find get give go have hear hold keep know leave lead let lie lose make mean meet pay put run say sell send set sit speak spend stand take teach tell think understand wear win write	was/were began broke brought bought built chose came cost cut did drew drove ate felt found got gave went had heard held kept knew left led let lay lost made meant met paid put ran said sold sent set sat spoke spent stood took taught told thought understood wore won wrote

We use the past tense to talk about:

• 
  something that happened once in the past:
  

I met my wife in 1983.
We went to Spain for our holidays.
They got home very late last night.

• 
  something that happened several times in the past:
  

When I was a boy, I walked a mile to school every day.
We swam a lot while we were on holiday.
They always enjoyed visiting their friends.

• 
  something that was true for some time in the past:
  

I lived abroad for ten years.
He enjoyed being a student.
She played a lot of tennis when she was younger.

• 
  we often use expressions with ago with the past simple:
  

I met my wife a long time ago.

Past simple questions and negatives

We use did to make questions with the past simple:

Did she play tennis when she was younger?
Did you live abroad?
When did you meet your wife?
Where did you go for your holidays?

But questions with who often don't use did:

Who discovered penicillin?
Who wrote Don Quixote?

We use didn't (did not) to make negatives with the past simple:

They didn't go to Spain last year.
We didn't get home until very late last night.
I didn't see you yesterday. 

Use of the Past Simple

The Past Simple is used to write and talk about completed actions that happened in a time before the present. It is the basic form of the past tense in English. Study the following information how to form the simple past and how to form the negation and questions.

Regular Verbs

How to form: Infinitive + ed = 2^nd form

Examples:	walk + ed		walked
	laugh + ed		laughed
	want + ed		wanted
Note:	cry - cried		y » i
	carry - carried		y » i
	love - loved		no e
	hope - hoped		no e
	stop - stopped		if you speak a short vowel » doubling
	drop -dropped		if you speak a short vowel » doubling

Key words: yesterday, last week (month, Monday, October,...), in 1984, ago

Irregular Verbs

1^st form	2^nd form	1^st form	2^nd form
am, is	was	see	saw
are	were	do	did
get	got	take	took
go	went	have	had

 Negation of the Past Simple

How to form: didn't (= did not) + 1^st form

He didn't go to her last party. They didn't like his story.
BUT: was not (wasn't), were not (weren't), could not (couldn't)

Questions in the Past Simple

How to form: did + 1^st form

Did he go to her last party? Did they like his story?

Where did they live? How did she feel?

Question word - did - person - verb

BUT: Was he angry? Were they late? Could they swim?

Task 1. Write the verbs in the Past tense form(2 nd form)

1. 
   Go
   
2. 
   See
   
3. 
   Speak
   
4. 
   Do
   
5. 
   Teach
   
6. 
   Drink
   
7. 
   Eat
   
8. 
   Fly
   
9. 
   Fall
   
10. 
    Understand
    

Task 2.Open the brackets using Past simple form of the verbs

1. 
   I (to read) a newspaper this morning
   
2. 
   We (to visit) her parents last month
   
3. 
   I (to want) to read this book last year
   
4. 
   They (to watch) TV this night
   
5. 
   She (to see) him last year
   
6. 
   They (to run) this morning
   
7. 
   Marina (to stay) at home yesterday evening
   
8. 
   He (to pay) by credit card yesterday
   
9. 
   It (to happen) last summer
   
10. 
    I (to win) last night
    

Task 3. Fill in the blanks with appropriate verbs in Past simple tense

1. 
   They ___ dinner at 8 o’clock
   
2. 
   It ___ my car two years ago
   
3. 
   They ___ early this morning
   
4. 
   Anna ___ the piano yesterday
   
5. 
   They ___ solders last year
   
6. 
   It ___ a clear car yesterday
   
7. 
   He ___ TV last evening
   
8. 
   I ___ much about games many years ago
   
9. 
   Larisa didn’t ___ books last week
   
10. 
    She didn’t ___ laptop last month
    

Task 4. Choose the correct verbs in Past simple tense from the given words and fil in the gap:

be (2), feed, take, start, visit, listen

A)The children went to London. The Tour ________at Hyde Park in the morning. The children_______the ducks and squirrels there. Then they ________photos of Trafalgar Square. The next stop __________the British Museum. They also ___________ the Tower of London. The children _______to the famous bell Big Ben. In the evening they ________ very tired.

see, find, help, be, put, catch, be

B)One day the children were on the ship. The sea was quiet. Suddenly they _________the pirates' ship. The pirates_________ the children and _______them in a dark room, but Kevin ________ Steve and Maggie. In the room the children ________ the eighth magic pearl. Kevin put the eight pearls together and saved the Shell Kingdom. Kevin's parents _______very happy.

Task 5.Put the verbs in Simple past tense:

1. Yesterday evening I__________  (go) to the cinema with a friend.

 2. From 1995 to 1998__________(work) in Tokyo.
 3. Last night the concert __________ (finish) at midnight.
4. I __________ (arrive) at the office this morning before my colleagues.
 5. When he was young, Tom  ________ (ride) a bicycle to school.
6. The train was at 8 p.m. so I ___________ (leave) home at 7 p.m.

 7. Last Sunday was my mother's birthday, so I __________ (make) a cake.

8. I ___________ (start) to play golf five years ago.
 9.  The great composer Mozart _________ (die) at the age of 35.

 10. Julie _________ (do) a lot of English exercises last week. 

Task 6.Make up sentences using Past Simple tense indefinite

1. 
   football / play / he / yesterday
   
2. 
   Irina / nice clothes / day before yesterday / wear
   
3. 
   my / pen / to be / it
   
4. 
   have / we / breakfast / at 7 o’clock
   
5. 
   this morning / I / drink / coffee
   
6. 
   see / we / a spider / yesterday
   
7. 
   she / eat / apples / this morning
   
8. 
   London / they / in / to be / last year
   

9. my sister / him / call / yesterday

10. a doctor / to be / two years ago / my mother

Unit 16.Famous people

Lesson 26

Vocabulary author, philologist ,poet,seller,publish,bestseller,sense of humour, manuscripts, naturalist, evolution, selection, species, palace, royal,play,perform,pen-name,story Reading : Famous People of the UK Speaking: Make up a conversation using the following questions Listening: Watching the video “Top 10 people who changed the world”

Warm up

( There are pictures of such famous people as Elizabeth II, Charles Darwin, William Shakespeare, Joanne Rowling and J.R.Tolkien.)

• 
  Do you know these people?
  
• 
  Can you name them?
  
• 
  What are they famous for?
  
• 
  Do you think anybody can become famous?
  
• 
  Have you ever met a famous person?
  
• 
  Who is your favourite famous person?
  
• 
  Whom would you like to put in the space among these famous people?
  

Vocabulary :author, philologist ,poet,seller,publish,bestseller,sense of humour, manuscripts, naturalist,evolution,selection,species,palace,royal,play,perform,pen-name,story

Listening: Listen to the text one more time and fill in the gaps

Donald John Trump is an American businessman (1) _______________. He is also the 45th President of the United States of America. He was the chairman and president of The Trump Organization, (2) _______________ his real estate and other business interests. He (3) _______________ towers, hotels, casinos and golf courses all over the world. He (4) _______________ a reality TV show and owned beauty pageants.

Donald J. Trump was born on June 14, 1946. (5) _______________ New York City, the second youngest (6) _______________ children. He studied at the University of Pennsylvania and received a bachelor's degree in economics. In 1971 he was given (7) _______________ father's real estate and construction firm and later renamed it The Trump Organization. His (8) _______________ businessman made him a billionaire.

Donald Trump has had (9) _______________ career. He owned the Miss USA beauty pageants from 1996 to 2015. He (10) _______________ appearances in movies and television series and hosted (11) _______________ show from 2004 to 2015. In 2016, the wealth and business magazine Forbes (12) _______________ the 324th wealthiest person in the world.

In June 2015, Trump (13) _______________ his candidacy for President. He defeated his (14) _______________ to become the Republican Party candidate and promised to "make America great again". He won the presidential election on November 8, 2016, (15) _______________ the Democratic candidate Hillary Clinton. He (16) _______________ office on January 20, 2017. At 70 years, 7 months and 6 days, he was the oldest person to do so.
Reading:

Task 1.Read the text and answer the questions

J.R.R Tolkien

John Ronald Reuel Tolkien (1892 – 1973) English author, philologist and poet. Tolkien wrote The Hobbit, and the epic trilogy ‘The Lord of the Rings’. The Lord of the Rings made him one of the best selling authors of the Twentieth Century.

J.R.R. Tolkien was born in 1892 in South Africa. After three years in South Africa, he returned to England with his Mother.

From an early age, J.R.R. Tolkien was an excellent student, with an unusual interest in languages. He enjoyed studying languages especially Greek, Anglo Saxon, and later at Oxford, Finnish.

The first edition of Lord of Rings was published in 1954 and soon became a good seller. However, it was in 1965 when the book was published in America, that it really took off becoming an international bestseller.

“I am in fact a Hobbit , I like gardens, trees, I smoke a pipe, and like good plain food, I like, and even dare to wear ornamental waistcoats. I am fond of mushrooms and have a very simple sense of humour , I go to bed late and get up late (when possible). I do not travel much.”

J.R.R. Tolkien died in 1973. After his death, his son, Christopher Tolkien, carefully went through all his manuscripts, and published some of them.

Answer the questions:

1. Where was John Ronald Reuel Tolkien  born?

2. When was he born?

3. And where did he moved with his mother?

4. What did he enjoyed?

5. What did he say about himself?

6. Who published his manuscripts after his death?

7. What his works do you know?

Task 2.

III.2. Reading and answering the questions

Charles Darwin. Charles Robert Darwin was a naturalist and biologist known for his theory of evolution and the process of natural selection. Charles Darwin is best known for his work as a naturalist, developing a theory of evolution to explain biological change. Charles Darwin was born on February 12, 1809, in the tiny town of Shrewsbury, England. In 1831 he went on a five-year survey voyage around the world; his studies of specimens led him to formulate his theories. Darwin’s theory of evolution declared that species survived through a process called "natural selection”. Darwin noticed similarities among species all over the globe. Darwin’s theory of evolution and the process of natural selection later became known simply as “Darwinism”. Darwin came from a long line of scientists: His father, Dr. R.W. Darwin, was a medical doctor, and his grandfather, Dr. Erasmus Darwin, was a botanist. Charles Darwin died at his family home, Down House, in London, on April 19, 1882. He was buried at Westminster Abbey.
Task 3.Do the test

1. Charles Darwin is known for

a) his theory of gravitation

b) his theory of knowledge

c) his theory of evolution

2. He noticed the similarities …… species all around the world.

a) into

b) in front of

c) among

3. He was a ……. like his father and grandfather.

a) doctor, scientist

b) scientist, economist

c) doctor of philosophy

4. Darwin’s theory of evolution declared the process called ……. .

a) "unnatural selection”

b) "natural polution”

c) "natural selection”
Task 4.Choose the necessary words to fill the gaps in the text.

1. 
   Writer/ scientist/ painter/ politician
   
2. 
   1906/ 1809/ 1853/ 1892
   
3. 
   Minerals, birds’ eggs, insects/chemical experiments/ language /painting
   
4. 
   Medicine/ many different kinds of plants and animals/ English language and animals/ mathematics
   
5. 
   Doctor/ theory/ linguist/ science
   
6. 
   Biology/ a fairy-tale world/ literature/ physics
   
7. 
   1613/ 1882/ 1973/ 1718
   

Charles Darwin

1. 
   Charles Darwin is a well-known ….
   
2. 
   The scientist Charles Darwin was born at the beginning of the 19^th century , in …
   
3. 
   As a boy , Charles Darwin collected all kinds of things, … . He carried out … in the school garden. His nickname was “Gas”.
   
4. 
   After 3 years of study at Cambridge University he made a voyage round the world. During the 5 year voyage he studied … in all parts of the world.
   
5. 
   Little by little Darwin build his famous …
   
6. 
   His theory of evolution opened a new period in the development of the science of … , the Darwinian period.
   
7. 
   Charles Darwin died in … and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
   

Task 5.Answer the questions.

When was Charles Darwin born?

Whose nickname was “Gas”?

Who was buried in Westminster Abbey?

Task 6. Jigsaw reading.

Read the texts andl share the information with your classmates. Only 3 main sentences.
Queen Elizabeth II

Elizabeth Alexandra Mary was born in 1926 in London.

Her family often called her 'Lilibet'. Elizabeth didn’t go to school.

In March 1945 the 18-year-old Princess Elizabeth joined the women's branch of the Army. One month later she passed her tests for driving and repairing Army trucks.

Was crowned when she was 25.

In 1947, she married Prince Philip of Greece and Denmark.

She has 4 children: Charles, Anne, Andrew, Edward.

Buckingham Palace is the Queen's office as well as her London home.

She likes horses. Her favourite sports are horse riding, horse shows and horse racing.

The Queen also owns a number of dogs.

She has royal racing pigeons!

William Shakespeare

He was born in Stratford-upon-Avon in 1564.

He is the national poet of England.

He is also known as “Bard of Avon”.

His father John was a successful local businessman and his mother Mary was the daughter of a landowner.

When he was 16 William married a 26-year old woman named Anne Hathaway.

They had three children, Susanna, Hamnet and Judith.

William Shakespeare wrote 13 comedies, 13 historical plays, 6 tragedies, 4 tragicomedies, 154 sonnets.

In 1595 he wrote his most poetic works, "Romeo and Juliet" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream".

Shakespeare was also an actor who performed many of his own plays as well as those of other playwrights. 

In 1599 he became an owner of the Globe Theatre in London.
J.K.Rowling

Joanne Rowling,  writing under the pen names J. K. Rowling and Robert Galbraith, was born in England in 1965.

She wrote her first story “Rabbit” when she was 6 years old.

She studied French at university, then worked as a secretary in London.

She had the idea for Harry Potter when she was on the train.

In 1992 she moved to Portugal.

She wrote Harry Potter in the morning and worked as an English teacher in the afternoon and evening.

She moved back to Britain where she didn’t have a job.

She wrote “Harry Potter” in cafes, because they were warmer than her small flat.

It took her 5 years to write her first book “Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone”.

She has a daughter called Jessicа.

Task 7.Speaking: Make a conversation using the following questions

• Do you think that it is good to be famous? What are the pros and cons of such a

life?

• What do you think the expression ‘life in a goldfish bowl’ means?

• Do famous people generally behave responsibly?

• Have you ever met anybody famous? Who? When? What did you say?

• Who would you most like to meet, and why?

• And finally, do you have any friends who are famous? Is it a secret?.

Task 8. Speak about one famous person from the UK.
Listening: Watching the video “Top 10 people who changed the world”

https://youtu.b/Oi36yMik6jo

Task 9. Watch the video and choose one personality and write about him.
Unit 17. Topic: Sports

Lesson 27

Vocabulary: Perfect health, progress, courageous, energetic, enormous, physical benefits, social advantages, social aspect, physical activity, effort, psychological benefits, Reading  Sport and healthy living guide. Grammar: Modal verbs.

Getting ready

Each student asks two groupmates the questions below. And then write their answers in the spaces.

	How often do you exercise/play sport?	What sport do you like to watch most?	What sport do you like to play most?
Student 1
Student 2

Vocabulary

Perfect health, progress, courageous, energetic, enormous, physical benefits, social advantages, social aspect, physical activity, effort, psychological benefits, boxing, athletics, rowing, diving, hockey , marathon , fencing, swimming, volleyball, gymnastics.
Task 1.Match the vocabulary with the correct definition .

1…….. Sports that include running, jumping and throwing.

2…….. Two people fight just using their hands. They wear special gloves.

3…….. Jumping or falling into water.

4…….. Two people fight using swords.

5…….. Similar to dancing. You need a lot of strength, balance, co-ordination and flexibility.

6…….. A team sport. You have to move the ball into the opponent’s goal with a stick.

7…….. A long-distance running race. It’s 42.195km!

8…….. Athletes race in boats on rivers or lakes.

9…….. Athletes race in the water.

10…… A team sport with six players on each side. You hit the ball over the net with your hands.

a. boxing

b. athletics

c. rowing

d. diving

e. hockey

f. marathon

g. fencing

h. swimming

i. volleyball

j. gymnastics
Reading  

Task 2. Read the text and then decide if the statements are true (T) or false (F):

Sport and healthy living guide

They say, "Health is above wealth." One of the first duties we owe to ourselves is to keep our bodies in perfect health. If your body suffers from any disorder, our mind suffers with it, and we are unable to make much progress in knowledge, and we are unfit to perform those duties, which are required of us in social life.

There are certain laws of health which deserve particular attention and they are so simple that even a child can learn them. A certain amount of exercise is necessary to keep the body in perfect condition. All the powers (mental and bodily) we possess are strengthened by use and weakened by disuse. Moderation in eating and drinking, reasonable hours of labour and study, enough sleeping time (not less than 7-8 hours a day), regularity in exercise, recreation and rest, cleanliness lay the foundations for health and long healthy happy life.

Thousands of people consider sports to be very helpful in gaining good health. That's why every country pays much attention to developing sports. It is sport that helps to bring up physically strong, strong-willed, courageous and energetic people.In the last ten years recreational sport has become extremely popular, and, according to doctors is absolutely essential for a long and healthy life.

The reasons of this enormous interest in sport of all kinds are varied. When you ask people why they spend so much time, effort, and sometimes money, they will talk about the physical benefits (feeling fit, increasing stamina, sleeping better, the chance of living a more active life), psychological benefits (self-discipline and respect, a sense of personal achievement, relaxation, getting rid of aggression), and the social advantages (meeting people with similar interests, the team spirit). However, the social aspect seems to be more important for men than for women. Very often, enjoying a drink with friends after the match is as important for the former as a physical activity itself.

True (T) or false (F):

1. 
   A certain amount of exercise is unnecessary to keep the body in perfect condition.____
   
2. 
   Many people think sports to be very useful in keeping healthy lifestyle.____
   
3. 
   And so every country has lack of attention to developing sports.____
   
4. 
   It is sport that prevents people from growing up healthy and brave._____
   
5. 
   Psychological benefits include condition of your body ____.
   
6. 
   That is why the social aspect seems to be more important for women than for men.___
   
7. 
   One of the main priorities we owe to ourselves is to go against healthy lifestyle.___
   

Task 3. A) Measuring sports: Decide which time, score and/or distance measurement is used in each of the sports below. Some of the words are used more than once: game, point, set, mile, strokes, yard, round, move, match, meter, round, quarter, half, lap, length

• 
  Tennis: _____________
  
• 
  Chess: ______________
  
• 
  Swimming: __________
  
• 
  HorseRacing: ________
  
• 
  IceHockey: _________
  
• 
  Boxing: _____________
  
• 
  Volleyball: ___________
  
• 
  Athletics: ____________
  
• 
  MotorRacing: ________
  
• 
  Golf:____________
  

Task 4.B) Decide whether the sport is played on/in the following areas. Some of the words are used more than once:court, rink, ring, board, track, pool,course

• 
  Tennis: _____________
  
• 
  Chess: ______________
  
• 
  Swimming: __________
  
• 
  HorseRacing: ________
  
• 
  IceHockey: _________
  
• 
  Boxing: _____________
  
• 
  Volleyball: ___________
  
• 
  Athletics: ____________
  
• 
  MotorRacing: ________
  
• 
  Golf:____________
  

Task 5.Identify the following sports and games and write their names in the right column.

e.g. divided into track and field	a t h l e t i c s
1. played with bat, net and shuttlecock	b_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. a bat and ball game very popular in the USA and Japan	b _ _ _ _ _ _ _
3. wheels and paddles needed	c _ _ _ _ _ _
4. an indoor game aiming at a board with a pointed object	d _ _ _ _
5. jumping into water	d _ _ _ _ _
6. fighting with special swords	f _ _ _ _ _ _
7. played on a course with 19 holes	g _ _ _
8. using the bars and horse	g _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9. graceful movement on the ice	i _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. a Japanese martial art	j _ _ _
11. involving fast cars	m _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _
12. 100m, 200m and so on	r _ _ _ _ _ _
13. indoor game on a table with long cues	s _ _ _ _ _ _
14. a wall, racquets and a ball needed	s _ _ _ _ _
15. uses various strokes, lanes and water	s _ _ _ _ _ _ _
16. a bat, ball and table game	t _ _ _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _
17. Korean martial art	t _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
18. a Chinese martial art	t _ _ - _ _ _
19. played at Wimbledon’s courts	t _ _ _ _ _
20. hitting the ball with hands, arms or fists	v _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Task 6.Sport Quiz. Answer these fourteen questions to score your vocabulary knowledge.

1. Which of the following nouns best describes the word ‘athlete’?

a) action b) person c) place d) thing

2. Which of the following things is smallest?

a) a bowling ball b) a golf ball c) a soccer ball d) a tennis ball

3. Which of the following sports do people usually play on a ‘field’?

a) badminton b) basketball c) ping-pong d) soccer

4. Which of the following nouns best describes the word ‘gym’?

a) action b) person c) place d) game

5. Which of the following creatures might enjoy ‘hang-gliding’?

a) a bird b) a fish c) an elephant d) a horse

6. Which of the following verbs best describes a ‘marathon’?

a) jump b) hit c) run d) swim

7. Which of the following best describes the word ‘score’?

a) starting line b) person c) place d) number

8. Which of the following best describes a ‘silver medal’?

a) first place b) second place c) third place d) all of the above

9. Which of the following things do you need to go ‘skating’?

a) ice b) a ball c) snow d) water

10. Which of the following exercises or sports does NOT need water?

a) scuba diving b) skydiving c) surfing d) swimming

11. Which of the following is NOT a ‘team sport’?

a) baseball b) football c) hockey d) squash

12. Which of the following words does NOT describe a kind of person?

a) coach b) referee c) teammate d) trophy

13. Which of the following activities do people usually do on a ‘track’?

a) run fast b) watch baseball c) play a team sport d) kick a ball

14. Which of the following words best describes ‘yoga’?

a) exercise b) goal c) sport d) team
13 – 14 = Excellent; 11 – 12 = Very Good; 9 – 10 = Study More!
Grammar: Modal verbs

We use modal auxiliary verbs can, could, may, must, have to, needn’t, will, shall in the English language for various meanings - ability, possibility, probability, certainty, permission, prohibition, obligation, opinion, speculation, etc.They don’t take an –s,-ing or –ed suffix.They cannot be used in all the tenses.

Can

1. It is used to express the ability to do something.

I can swim very well.
Can he speak English fluently? - No, he can't.We cannot sing at all!

2. It expresses the possibility to do something.

We can go to the seaside at last. Our holidays start next week.

3. We use it to say that something is probable.

It can be John. He has blond hair and he is wearing glasses.

4. It expresses the permission to do something.

Why not? You can marry her. She is a nice girl.

In the past simple can becomes could and shows that someone had the ability to do something in the past.We form questions by putting can or could before the subject. E.g.Can they run? Could they run?We form negations by putting the word not after can or could. E.g. They can’t run fast.They couldn’t run fast.

May

1. It is used for permissions.

You may borrow my car. I won't need it.May I smoke here? - No, you can't, I'm sorry.

2. It is used to express probability or prediction.

They may call tomorrow. I hope so.

The main difference between may and can is in style. May is more formal than can. Can is typical of spoken English.

3. The opposite of may is must not or may not.

May I smoke here?
- You mustn't smoke here. (strong prohibition)
- You may not smoke here. (more polite, very formal)
- You can't smoke here. (informal spoken English)

Must

1. It is used for strong obligations. It is personal, because it expresses the speaker's opinion or will.

I must clean my teeth. I want to be healthy.You must go there. And do it right now!

2. It means a strong recommendation.

You must see it. It's the best film I've ever seen.

3. We use it to show the certainty of the speaker.

They must be at school by now. It's already 9 o'clock.

4. The opposite of must is need not. Needn't expresses no necessity.

Mum, must I wash up? - No, you needn't. I've already done it.

Must not has a different meaning. It is used to express prohibition that involves the speaker's will.

We mustn't come late today. Or the teacher will be very angry.
He mustn't enter this room. It is dangerous.

Must borrows the rest of its tenses from the verb “have to”.

Have to

1.It is used to express necessity or obligation. He has to go to hospital.

“Have to” changes into “has to” in the third person singular in the present affirmative and into “had to” in all persons in the Past affirmative. “Have to”takes do/does/did to form its questions or negations and it is followed by a –to infinitive. He had to leave early. Did she have to leave early, too? She doesn’t have to finish it now. She has to finish it by Monday.

Shall

1.It is used with “I’ or “We” questions, suggestions or offers. Shall we go to the cinema tonight?

Will

1.It is used to express predictions, warnings, offers, promises, threats, requests, suggestions, on-the-spot decisions, opinions, hopes and fears. Try harder or you’ll fail your exams.

Note: We make the passive voice with a verb + be + past participle: This can be done. The laws must be respected.
Handout 1.Use the appropriate modal verbs: can, can’t, must, mustn’t.

1.She is a small baby. She ______________ eat meat, but she ______________ drink milk. 2. He is so ill that he ______________ see the doctor. 3. It’s raining heavily. You ______________ take your own umbrella. 4. We ______________ pick the flowers in the park. It’s forbidden. 5. Mike is only nine months old. He ______________ eat nuts yet. 6. He is very fat. He ______________ run so fast. 7. You are speaking very quickly. I ______________ understand you. 8. I’m very tall, so I ______________ play basketball. 9. You ______________ park that car there. It’s a no-parking zone. 10. Many students in Great Britain ______________ wear a uniform when they go to school. 11. George has travelled a lot . He ______________ speak 4 languages. 12. I ______________ come with you now because I’m studying for my test. 13. Footballers ______________ touch the ball with their hands. 14. ______________ I use your phone ? 15. You ______________ speed through the city. It’s dangerous !

Task 7. Correct the following sentences:

1. 
   You don’t can go to the party.
   
2. 
   He musts take his dog for a walk.
   
3. 
   I can to help you.
   
4. 
   He not must be late.
   
5. 
   Can his brother speaks French?
   
6. 
   Paul must to go there.
   
7. 
   You don’t must smoke here.
   
8. 
   It’s impossible, you can’t running that distance.
   
9. 
   You mustn’t smokes in planes.
   
10. 
    Rose and Ted must being good players. They have won hundreds of cups !
    
11. 
    I can’t to stop and talk to you now. I have to get to the library.
    

Task 8. Fill in “have to”, “has to”, “don’t/doesn’t have to”, “didn’t have to”, “had to” or “won’t have to”.

1. 
   It’s Sunday tomorrow so I won’t have to get up early.
   
2. 
   There’s no school tomorrow, so the children _________ go to bed early.
   
3. 
   We went to a restaurant yesterday, so we ________ cook.
   
4. 
   Let’s clean up now, so we ________ do it tomorrow.
   
5. 
   It rained yesterday, so I ___________ water the flowers.
   
6. 
   Lucy feels better now, so she ____________take the medicine.
   
7. 
   You’ve got plenty of time. You ______________ hurry.
   
8. 
   He _________ shout or else she can’t hear him.
   
9. 
   It was very cold yesterday so I ______ wear a coat.
   
10. 
    She _________ wear glasses or else she can’t read.
    
11. 
    I can’t go out tonight. I _______ study for my exam.
    
12. 
    I took the dog for a walk this morning so you _______ take it out tonight.
    
13. 
    My car doesn’t work, so I ________ take the rain.
    
14. 
    I broke my tooth, so I ___________ go to the dentist’s yesterday.
    

Handout 2. Use the verbs can, may, must in positive or negative forms.

Excuse me! ______ you speak French? Alan isn’t coming tonight. He _______come tomorrow, I hope. There’s a lot of work to do in the house. You_______help me! You_______call him anymore. I have already called him. She is over there. ________you see her? _____I borrow your pen, please? Teachers_______beat children. It’s forbidden. I can hear some voices. Someone _____be in the house. We_____eat sweets! We are on a diet. You ____buy it on Sunday if you want. The shops are open. You____ drive me to the station. I can walk. We want to be the best. We____practise.

Oral activity

The teacher writes some cues on the board: a pen, a book, some milk, a cake, a bicycle, a car, a ball, some water, a hat, a record, a chair, a toothbrush, a flower, an ice-cream etc. Then play the game in two teams as follows:

Teacher: -You’ve got a book. What can you do with it?

Team A-S1: I can read it(Team A gets a point)

Teacher: -You’ve got a pen. What can you do with it?

Team B-S1: I can…….(S1 fails to answer)

Teacher: Team B doesn’t get a point.
Homework:

1. Write down proverbs and sayings about sports.

2.Write 10things you must do or you mustn’t do today. e.g.I must do my homework. etc.

Unit 17. Topic: Sports

Lesson 28

Listening: Are you good at sport? Speaking: Student Sport Survey. Writing: Sport/Place/Equipment.

Listening Are you good at sport?

Handout 1.Correct the spelling:

Are you good at sport? I’m not, but I love chnawgti____________and piyganl__________all kinds of sport. My favourite sport is football – the kind with the round ball, not American football. I wasn’t very good at football when I was a kid. This did not stop me playing. I played in the park with my friends for rsuho__________ every day. What is your inaonalt__________sport? Do you like it? I love Japan’s national sport sumo. It is one of the most cneigxti_______________sports in the world. You have to spend a little time getting to know the urels_________and the hfsgiter_____________. The greatest thing about sport is that it brings people etrgetho___________ from all over the world. Another good thing is that it keeps us lyehtah___________. Sports stars are very cluky_____________. They love their job and stay fit by doing it every day. What are you going to play next?

Task 1. Gap Fill:

Are you good at sport? I’m not, but I love watching and _______________ sport. My favourite sport is football – the kind with the round ball, not American football.____________ at football when I was a kid. This did not stop me playing. I played in the park with my friends ____________. What is your national sport? Do you like it? I love Japan’s national sport sumo. _____________ most exciting sports in the world. You have to spend _____________ _____________ and the fighters. The greatest thing about sport is that it brings people together from all over the world. Another good thing ______________ healthy. Sports stars are very lucky. They love their job and______________ every day. What are you going to play next?

Task 2. Unjumble the words:

Are you good at sport? I’m not, but I love watching and playing all kinds of sport. My favourite sport is football – with kind the ball round the, not American football. I football at good very wasn’t kid a was I when. This did not stop me playing. with park the in played I friends my for hours every day. What is your national sport? Do you like it? love I sumo sport national Japan’s. It is one of the most exciting sports in the world. You have to spend a and to the know little the time rules getting fighters. The greatest that brings about is it thing sport people together world the over all from. Another good thing is that it keeps us healthy. Sports stars are very lucky. They job love doing fit and their it by stay every day. What are you going to play next?

Task 3. Check whether the statements are true(T) or false (F).

1. 
   I love only watching all kinds of sport.____
   
2. 
   My favourite sport is American football._____
   
3. 
   I wasn’t very good at volleyball when I was a kid._____
   
4. 
   I played in the street with my friends for hours every day._____
   
5. 
   I love Japan’s national sport sumo. _____
   
6. 
   It is one of the least exciting sports in the world. _____
   
7. 
   You have to spend much time getting to know the rules and the fighters.____
   
8. 
   The greatest thing about cooking is that it brings people together from all over the world.___
   
9. 
   Another good thing is that it hurts our health. ____
   

10.Sport stars love their job and stay fit by doing it every day.______
Speaking

Task 4. Letters Page

You are going to read some simple letters written by sports fans.

A) Read the letters and choose the most suitable heading for each from the list below:

A. Should Aim Higher?

B. We Did It!

C. Poor Judgement

D. Sad News

E. It’s A Red World

F. Starting Winning Or Else…

1. Wasn’t Manchester United’s win against Chelsea on Friday one of the best games ever? Are there any of your readers who still doubt the Reds are the world’s greatest? If so, they are not facing reality! Kurt ______	2. It doesn’t seem fair to me that giant basketball players are allowed to use baskets of the same height as the rest of us. Sure, it must be easy to get the ball through the hoop when you are on a level with it. I say move the basket up and down according to the average height of the team. Ricky _____
3. What’s wrong with Real Madrid this year? They just don’t seem to be scoring goals. If they don’t get more points soon they’ll be in big trouble. Maybe the manager should think of some transfers. They need some powerful forwards to get the ball in the net. Vickie ______	4. Did you see the referee in the Shatin-Taipo game? I know you should not argue with referees’ decisions, but it’s hard not to when they make so many mistakes. Dave Tong fouled Mike So really badly, but the referee was far away in a dream world of his own. Shame! Guy ______
5. We had a really great basketball match here on Saturday. The visiting team was far in the lead, we took a time-out, our coach changed our tactics and we became unstoppable, dribbling past the other guys and ending up so far in the lead that I thought our opponents would cry. No, to be fair - they took defeat gracefully and we enjoyed playing them - but it is nice to win! Smiley ______	6. I hope everyone is feeling sympathy for Tracey Lai after her injury on Sunday at the big Hong Kong AAA Meet*. She had been running so well and was the favourite for the 200m, her best event, when she damaged a muscle during the hop, skip and jump. As a result Grace Hung took first, but she said herself it wasn’t a real victory without Tracey competing. Let’s hope she’s fully fit for the international meet next month or Hong Kong will be without one of its stars. Batman ______

B) Find words from the above letters which mean the following and write them in the boxes provided. The numbers in brackets indicate the letters from which the words can be found.

Meaning	Word(s)
a. victory (1)
b. nickname of famous team (1)
c. ring of metal (2)
d. group of players (2, 5)
e. getting points (3)
f. buying and selling players (3)
g. played wrongly, breaking rules (4)
h. judge (4)
i. break (5)
j. trainer (5)
k. method of play (5)
l. moving the ball (5)
m. hurt to the body (6)
n. athletics occasion (6)
o. an example of field events (6)