SaqarTvelos teqnikuri universiteti biznes-inJineringis fakulteti ekonikuri kvlevis meTodebi

Tavi 7. ekonomikurი kvlevebis evoluciuri meTodi

1. evolucia bunebis da sazogadoebis istoriuli ganviTarebis warmodgenebis Sesaxeb

ekonomikur kvlevebSi istoriuli meTodebis ganxilvam migviyvana kvlevis meore mniSvnelovan-evoluciur meTodTan. Eevoluciuri meTodi, Cveni ganmartebiT, SeiZleba ganvixiloT erTis mxriv, rogorc wvrilmani “zewolisa” da “SemTxveviTobebisagan” gawmendili istoriuli meTodi, xolo meores mxriv, evoluciuri meTodi gvTavazobs ekonomikuri institutebis SeswavlaSi biologiuri evoluciuri Teoriis gamoyenebas. Eam Teoriis Tanaxmad ekonomikuri ganviTarebis proceSi unda moxdes am institutebis gadarCeva da SenarCuneba. Aaqve unda aRiniSnos, rom TviT ekonomikuri Teoria (k. poperis midgomiT) SeiZleba ganxiluli iqnes rogorc ekonomikuri codnis Sida evoluciuri produqti.

ekonomikuri kvlevebis evoluciuri meTodi ganxiluli unda iqnes rogorc damateba da logikuri gagrZeleba Taviseburi “xidis” saxiT, romelic erTmaneTTan akavSirebs bunebriv-samecniero da socialur meTodologiebs.

evoluciis ideam adamianis azrovnebis istoriaSi grZeli gza ganvlo. Zalian did xnis ganmavlobaSi bunebis da sazogadoebis Sesaxeb metafizikuri azrovneba arsebobda, anu igulisxmeba, rom buneba da sazogadoeba Tavisi xasiaTiT ucvlelia.1]. aseTi warmodgena Camoyalibda religiuri msoflmxedvelobisa da Teologiuri dogmatikis gavleniT. Mmas Semdeg, rac RmerTma Seqmna samyaro, is ucvleli da stabiluri rCeba. masSi radikaluri cvlilebebis Setana SeuZlebelia - Semoqmedis mier Seqmnili samyaros Secvla sawyisi formidan arc adamians da arc bunebas ar SeuZlia.

mecnierebaSi evoluciuri meTodis idea pirvelad berZenma filosofosebma Semoitanes, esini iyvnen: heraklite efeseli, demokrite, platoni da aristotele. “brZola aris yvelefris mama da mefe”-amtkicebda heraklite. Carlz darvinis mier Ees principi warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli organul bunebasTan SesabamisobaSi. Hheraklites ekuTvnis agreTve mniSvnelovani azrebi evoluciasTan dakavSirebiT. Mmisi azriT es samyaro erTiani da mTliani ar Seuqmnia arc RmerTs da arc adamians. is iyo, aris da mudam iqneba mTeli sisruliT gakaSkaSebuli da aseve Caqrobadi. demokrite msjelobda samyaroSi moZraobis da mosaxleobis Sesaxeb. Mman da empedoklem pirvelebma daamuSaves sicocxlis warmoSobis Teoria; platonma mogvca moZRvreba “idealuri saxelmwifos” modelis Sesaxeb, romliskenac unda miiswrafodes yvela saxelmwifo; aristotele iyenebda evoluciur meTods Tavisi fizikuri, biologiuri da socialuri doqtrinis agebisas, Tumca garkveulwilad rCeboda metafizikur poziciebze.

saukuneebis Semdeg saxelmwifos metafizikur azrovnebaSi evoluciis principi aRdgenili iqna axali drois epoqaSi. XVI-XVII saukuneebSi mniSvnelovani wvlili Seitanes iseTma filosofosebma da mecnierebma, rogoric: n.koperniki, j. Bruno, i. niutoni, g. galilei, p. dekarte, j. loki, T. jobsi, i. kanti, p. laplasi, J. kiure, J. lemarki da sxvebia. magaliTad, maT pirvelebma SeimuSaves kosmogenuri hipoteza mzis sistemis warmoSobis Sesaxeb. Kkiurem da lamarkma Seqmnes mniSvnelovani naSromi organuli samyaros warmoSobis Sesaxeb.

XIX saukuneSi evoluciis idea gaxda sayovelTaod aRiarebuli da ekonomistebi aqtiurad iyenebdnen TavianT naSomebSi. SemTxveviTi araa, rom pirvelad evoluciuri principi, rogorc Zlieris gamarjveba gadarCenisaTvis brZolaSi, warmatebiT iqna gamoyenebuli cnobili ingliseli ekonomistis Tomas malTusis (1766-1834) mier. Tavis naSromSi: “xalxTmosaxleobis kanonis” Sesaxeb (1817) anviTarebda Semdeg debulebebs: a). planetaze xalxTmosaxleoba izrdeba geometriuli progresiiT; b). saarsebo saSualebebis zrda (pirvel rigSi kvebis produqtebi) ar SeiZleba gaizardos ise swrafad, vidre ariTmetikuli progresia; g). xalxTmosaxleobis ganusazRvreli zrda warmoadgens safrTxes planetisaTvis da saWiroa saarsebo saSualebebis zrdis SezRudva; d). xalxTmosaxleobis zrdis SezRudvisaTvis aucilebelia gadaudebeli zomebis miReba (adreuli qorwinebis gafrTxileba, bavSvTa raodenobis SezRudva da a.S.) dabal fenebSi, ramdenadac swored maT SeaqvT garkveuli wili am zrdaSi, xolo Tu es sakmarisi ar iqneba, maSin saWiroa warmoiqmnas siRaribe, umuSevroba, rac TavisTavad SeaCerebs xalxTmosaxleobis zrdas. Ase, rom malTusma de fakto wamoayena Rarib da mdidar fenebs Soris gadarCenisaTvis brZolis idea, ramdenadac mdidarTa klasi aregulirebs Tavis wvrTa raodenobas da gadarCeba, xolo RaribTa klasi kargavs didi raodenobiT wevrebs, radgan maT ar HyofniT saarsebo saSualebebi da kidev ufro Raribdebian.

germanelma filosofosma hegelma (1770-1831) daamuSava Tavisi cnobili Sroma dialeqtikis Sesaxeb, bunebis saerTo ganviTarebis TvalTaxedvidan gamomdinare. misi TvalTaxedviT arsebuli realoba Seicavs brZolis urTierTsawinaaRmdego debulebebsa da azrebs, magram gadamwyveti roli am realobaSi unda Seasrulos dialeqtikis samma kanonma: erTianobis da urTierTsawinaaRmdego medegobis kanonma, raodenobrivi cvlilebebis xarisxobriv cvlilebebSi gadasvlis kanonma da uaryofis uaryofis kanonma.

am kanonebidan pirveli kanonis Tanaxmad ori dapirispirebuli Zalidan erTi cdilobs SeinarCunos arsebuli mdgomareoba, xolo meore – gaanadguros is. Oorive Zala an tendencia erTmaneTis Semavseblebia. Mmeore kanoni amtkicebs Tavis moqmedebas TandaTanobiT raodenobrivi maCveneblebis dagrovebis Sedegad da adre Tu gvian gardaiqmneba xarisxobrivi maCveneblebis mdgomareobaSi. Mmesame- uaryofis uaryofis kanoni gulisxmobs progresuli ganviTarebis variantebsspiraluri saxiT: zog SemTxvevaSi evolucia SeiZleba ganviTarebis sxva safexurze SeiZleba “ganmeordes”, magram es sruliad radikalurad gansxvavdeba wina safexurisagan. amas hegelis ganmartebiT ewodeba uaryofis uaryofis kanoni.

hegelis evoluciis idea, rogorc brZola arsebobisaTvis, gardaqmnili iqna ori didi moazrovnis C. darvinis da k. marqsis fundamentalur TeoriebSi cocxal bunebasTan da adamianis sociumTan mimarTebaSi.

darvinis evoluciurma naSromebma udidesi mniSvneloba SeiZina ara marto biologiis, aramed saerTod mecnierebisaTvis. maTze dayrdnobiT arsebobs evoluciis sami faqtori – memkvidreobiToba, cvalebadoba da SerCeva. gadarCenisaTvis brZolis procesSi, romelsac axorcieleben erTmaneTTan sxvadasxva cocxali arsebebi, maT Soris memkvidroebas toveben maTgan yvelaze moxerxebulebi.

gare samyaros gavleniT xdeba bunebrivi gadarCeva, ris Sedegadac cocxali samyaros sxvadasxva saxeobebi mudmivad inarCuneben Tavis aRnagobas da funqcias. Oorganuli bunebis mimarTac moqmedebs igive principi: gadarCevisas sustebi ixocebian, Zlierebi gadarCebian.

darvinis Sromebi Sevsebuli iqna mendeleevis memkvidreobiTobis TeoriiT, genuri rekombinaciiT da mutaciiT, genetikuri kodis gaSifvriT. darvinis mier Catarebuli kvlevebis periodSi karl marqsis mier SemuSavebul iqna evoluciuri ekonomikuri moZRvrebebi. K.marqsis Tanamedrovem fridrix engelsma naSromSi (1848) “komunisturi partiis manifesti” Seavso hegelis dialeqtikuri evoluciis sqema:” |aCrdili dadis evropaSi aCrdili komunizmisa ... dRemde arsebuli sazogadoebebis istoria iyo klasebs Soris brZolis istoria ... Zveli burJuaziuli sazogadoebis dapirispirebuli klasebis nacvlad modis gaerTianeba, romelSic TiToeuli wevris Tavisufali ganviTareba warmoadgens yvelas Tavisufal ganviTarebas”³⁶].

k. marqsis mier SemuSavebuli da Seqmnili iqna “kapitalis” mravaltomeuli, romelSic mocemulia klasobrivi brZolis da komunizmis Sesaxeb. Mmxolod paradoqsi imaSia, rom is kapitalisturi wyobis agebulebis fundamentaluri analizSi SeCerda klasebis SeswavlasTan, romelic martivi sqemiT gamoyofda komunizmisaken moZraobas. Kk. marqsi Tavis naSromebSi msjelobda kapitalistur dapirispirebaze: keTilsindisieri miTvisebis xasiaTsa da warmoebis sazogadoebriv xasiaTze. Mmagram k. marqsis evoluciuri meTodi, romelic dasavlur industriuli sazogadoebis ekonomikur analizs axasiaTebda, aRmoCnda arakonstruqciuli da susti. Ees meTodi ar iTvaliswinebda kapitalizmis inovaciur, kreatiul SesaZleblobebs da ver afasebda mis potencials, Semdgomi ganviTarebis unars. swored amitom k. marqsis evoluciuri moZRvreba aris ekonomikuri azris istorikosebis msjelobis sagani.

hegelis, darvinis da marqsis moZRvrebebis garda sainteresoa i. Sumpeteris “ekonomikuri analizis istoria”, romelic miuTiTebs ori tipis arsebobis Sesaxeb:

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  “istoriuli”, romelic dakavSirebulia germaneli XIX-XX saukuneebis politekonomistebis skolasTan(f. listi, v. roSeri, g. Smoleri);
  
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  “inteleqtualuri” (frangi da germaneli ganmanaTleblebi-e. kanti, e.hedleri, J. kondorse dasxv.).
  

Eese igi sul xuTi tipi: filosofiuri evolucionizmi (hegeli); Mmarqsizmi (k.marqsi); istoriuli (listi,roSeri, Smoleri); inteleqtualuri (kanti, gerceni, kondorse); darvinizmi (darvini).

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba aRiniSnos, rom XIX saukuneSi sabolood Camoyalibebuli evoluciuri meTodi TanamedroveobaSi warmoadgens bunebaTmcodneobis da sazogadoebaTmcodneobis mecnierebebis srulyofil meTods.

ganskuTrebiT yuradsadRebia is faqti, rom XX saukunis meore naxevridan ekonomikuri kvlevebi kidev ufro gaZlierda “evoluciuri ekonomikis” mimarTulebiT.