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3.
 
The Animal Story
 
Although animals had been mentioned in earlier literature, the works of Sir Charles 
G.D. 
ROBERTS
 and Ernest Thompson 
SETON
 gave the animal story its distinctive form. Seton's 
highly popular 
Wild Animals I Have Known
(1898) influenced Roberts, whose 
The Kindred of the 
Wild
appeared in 1902 and 
Red Fox
in 1905. Drawing on their observations of wildlife and their 
study of Darwinistic theories of natural selection, both writers focused on the lives of superior 
members of various species. In 
Red Fox
, Roberts combined exceptional strength and intelligence in 
an individual fox, making him the novel's hero. To Seton, the important fact of animal life was 
death, often at the hands of man and always tragic. Among later wild-animal stories that end with 
death are Roderick 
HAIG-BROWN's
Ki-yu: A Story of Panthers
(1934) and Fred Bodsworth's 
Last 
of the Curlews
(1955). 
Pets have also provided the focus for many children's books. One of the best-known early 
children's novels, Margaret Marshall Saunders's
Beautiful Joe
(1894), is the "autobiography" of a 
"cur" who, having been rescued from a cruel master, lives a long and happy life. 
Farley
MOWAT
's 
The Dog Who Wouldn't Be
(1957) is the humorous story of Mutt, a pet who "at 
some early moment of his existence ... concluded there was no future in being a dog." 
Sheila 
BURNFORD'S
The Incredible Journey
(1960) is the account of a 400 km trek across 
northern Ontario undertaken by 2 dogs and a cat. 


254 
4.
 
The Adventure Story
 
The adventure story, a major form of Victorian children's literature, influenced Canadian 
books in the 19th century and, to a lesser degree, the 20th. Emphasizing the goodness of the British 
Empire, Christianity and physical courage, such British novels as Frederick Marryat's 
The Settlers 
in Canada
(1844) and G.A. Henty's 
With Wolfe in Canada
(1886) were immensely popular in 
Britain and the colonies, and shaped many young Canadians' views of their country. R.M. 
Ballantyne's firsthand account of the fur trade, 
Hudson's Bay
(1848), was followed by his 
novels 
Snowflakes and Sunbeams
(1856) and
Ungava
(1858). The vast landscape, populated by 
fierce wild animals and heathen savages, was supposedly won for civilization by people such as the 
young white heroes and heroines of the novels of these authors. 
Of 19th-century stories, one of the most interesting is Catharine Parr
TRAILL's
The 
Canadian Crusoes
(1852), which combines a knowledge of the wilderness north of Lake Ontario 
with elements of the survival story made popular by Daniel Defoe's 
Robinson Crusoe
. In addition to 
describing how the 3 central figures, all teenagers, secure the basic necessities, the book portrays 
their strong belief in divine protection and their rescue of a native girl to whom they teach the tenets 
of Christianity. The popularity of the traditional adventure story during the early 20th century (eg, 
Seton's 
Two Little Savages
, 1906; Alan Sullivan's 
Brother Eskimo
, 1921, and 
Brother Blackfoot

1937) may account for the appearance of many of its traits in such novels as Haig-Brown's 
Starbuck 
Valley Winter
(1943), Mowat's 
Lost in the Barrens
(1956) and James 
HOUSTON's
Frozen 
Fire
(1977). In each story the male hero grows to maturity, drawing on lessons learned through 
meeting native people and coping with the harsh wilderness. Tony German's 
Tom Penny
(1977) and 
Bill Freeman's 
Shantymen of Cache Lake
(1975) combine historical backgrounds and foregrounds 
of danger and suspense as youthful heroes confront the elements and evil characters. 

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