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Ilova 2 (24.1)
Managing a personal investment portfolio
Match the term on the left with an appropriate definition on the right (a-1). Use the grid below. (See example):
1 consultant a) Someone who buys and sells stocks and shares or other
types of investment, such as life assurance policies,
2 insurance insurance, etc.
3 investment b) The most important thing.
4 investment broker c) An area of the economy, e.g. oil, pharmaceuticals,
electrodomestic goods.
5 investor
d) How safe an investment is.
6 pension
e) A part ownership in a company, usually by having
7 priority shares in it.
8 portfolio f) A kind of life assurance for a specific time period.
9 risk g) Any attempt to spend money so that you have more
money in the future.
10 sector
h) A regular amount of money that you get when you
11 stake stop working because of your age.
12 term insurance i) The total collection of investments that an individual
has.
j) A specialist who offers advice.
k) A type of investment which provides protection
against accidents.
1) Someone who invests their money, usually in private
companies.
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HOW ARE THE WORLD'S ECONOMIES COMPARED?
If a small country like Ireland or Sri Lanka were to win all of the gold medals at the Summer Olympics, it would mean a lot more than a victory by a large country like China or the United States. In the same way, it would be difficult to evaluate the economic achievements of any country without looking at its size and the resources at its disposal.
It is rarely useful, for example, to compare the economic statistics of different countries by using figures in the local currency. What does it mean to say that during the 1980s the Soviet Union spent more than forty trillion rubles per year on their military? How does this relate to spending in other countries where ruble figures mean little?
In order to compare countries around the world, economic statistics have to be related to the country's size or translated into a commonly accepted unit of measure. The Soviet Union's military spending in the 1980s, for example, can be compared to the military spending of other countries by relating it to the size of its total economy, measured either by GDP (gross domestic product) or GNP (gross national product). It would then become meaningful to say that Soviet military spending was 20 percent of its GDP, compared to U.S. military spending of 8 percent of its GDP during the same period.
GDP is often used to compare spending figures of different countries because it represents only the domestic production of goods and services. GDP is useful for comparing countries' sizes because it does not include the international components of an economy such as exports and foreign investment, which are included in the wider measure, GNP.
Neither GDP nor GNP, however, completely measures the size of a country's economy. Illegal activities, such as drug sales or prostitution, are never reported and are consequently not included in these official measures. In addition, work done for no salary, such as house-work or volunteer work at hospitals and schools, is not included, since no payment is made for these goods and services. A country with working parents would consequently show a larger GNP, reflecting the added costs of day-care and cleaning services otherwise provided "for free" by a stay-at-home spouse.
Although neither GDP nor GNP is the perfect measure of the size of a country's economy, they still provide the best means we have for comparing the economic activity of different countries, big or small, rich or poor.
Key words:
assumption аксиома, допущение аксиомалар, тахмин
other things being equal при прочих равных условиях бошка нарсалар тенгдир
micro- and macroeconomics микро- и макроэкономика иктисодиёт
management менеджмент бошкариш
marketing маркетинг маркетинг
finance финансы и денежное обращение молия ва пул айланмаси
accounting бухгалтерский учет бухгалтерия хисоби
logistics логистика логистика
research and development НИОКР илмий тадкикотлар ва ишлаб чикиш ишлари
EXERCISES: COMPREHENSION CHECK
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