1982), 110-34.
146
C O N C E P T S
must not be joking, for example, or writing a poem” {How, 9).*“* He con
tinues with a formulation that treats dramatic performance not as a model
for performatives but as a special type o f miscarriage that should lead to its
exclusion from consideration:
A performative utterance will, for example, be in a peculiar way hollow or void if
said by an actor on the stage, or introduced in a poem, or spoken in a soliloquy.
This applies in a similar manner to any and every utterance— a sea change in spe
cial circumstances. Language in such circumstances is in special ways— intelligi
bly— used not seriously, but in ways parasitic upon its normal use— ^ways which
fall under the doctrine of the etiolations of language. All this we are excluding at
present from consideration. Our performative utterances, felicitous or not, are to
be understood as issued in ordinary circumstances. {How, ъгУ^
For Austin literature had to be excluded in order to get at the fun
damental nature o f the performative; for literary theorists literature is a
primary example o f the performative functioning o f language. This is no
14. Shoshana Felman asks whether Austin might not be joking here: “Com
ing from a jester like Austin, might not that sentence be taken as a denegation—
as a joke?” (Shoshana Felman, The Scandal o f the Speaking Body: Don Juan with
Austin, or Seduction in Two Languages [Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press,
2003], 95). This book is a reprint, with a title more faithful to the French origi
nal of 1980 and with an introduction by Stanley Cavell and an afterword by Ju
dith Butler, of Felmahs The Literary Speech Act: Seduction in Two Languages (Itha
ca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1983). No doubt modeled on Barbara Johnson’s
brilliant defense of Lacan of 1977, which seeks to show that Lacan already says ev
erything that Derrida says in his critique of him (see “The Frame of Reference,”
in Johnson’s The Critical Dijference [Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press,
1980]), Felman’s discussion is a fascinating attempt to attribute to Austin every
thing she has learned from Derrida. She argues that critics who reproach Austin
for excluding jokes exclude his joking, but what is at issue is not Austin’s undoubt
ed playfulness but the particular economy of his project, which can admit infelici
ties and exploit them so profitably only by excluding the fictional and the nonseri-
ous. For discussion see Culler, On Deconstruction, 110-34; see also J. HiUis Miller,
“J. L. Austin,” in Speech Acts in Literature, esp. 28-40, for excellent treatment of
this issue, though without reference to Felman.
15. Since etiolation means a making pale, sickly, by exclusion of sunlight,
it activates the negative connotations of “parasitic” : literature as sickly parasite on
healthy normal linguistic activity. Literary critics have understandably not been
happy with this view of language, though they have been happy to adopt the per
formative.
small mutation. In his essay “Performative Utterances” Austin again in
vokes the stage, the joke, and the poem but offers an example that repays
serious attention;
We could be issuing any of these utterances, as we can issue an utterance of any
kind whatsoever, in the course, for example, of acting a play or making a joke or
writing a poem— in which case of course it would not be seriously meant and we
shall not be able to say that we seriously performed the act concerned. I f the poet
says Go and catch a falling star” or whatever it may be, he doesn’t seriously is-
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