about a traveling concept is not that it travels— travelers’ tales can be quite
edge in the travels o f other concepts— is that in Oswald Ducrot’s and Tz-
“may coincide with a sentence, as well as with an entire book; it is defined
by its autonomy and its closure (even i f in another sense, certain texts are
not closed’).” * But then the appendix, which seeks to take account o f re
ductivité.” Citing the recent work of Jacques Derrida and others, but es
pecially Julia Kristeva, this entry tells us that “in opposition to any com-
I.
Press, 1979), 294.
l O O
C O N C E P T S
municational and representational use o f language, the text is defined here
essentially as productivity”-.
Defining the text as productivity amounts to saying. . . that the text has always hinc-
tioned as transgressive with regard to the system according to which our perception,
our grammar, our metaphysics, and even our scientific knowledge are organized, a
system according to which a subject, situated in the center of a world that provides it
with a horizon, learns to decipher the supposedly prior meaning of this world, a mean
ing that is indeed understood as originary with regard to the subject’s experience.^
Field o f a “dynamic infinity,” text “differentiates itself from the common
sentence and ‘doubles’ it with an operation that is other to such an extent
that it will have to be called translinguistic.”^
The double inscription o f text, as a key concept in the reorganiza
tion o f the human sciences around the linguistic model and in the almost
immediate and gleeful critique o f the possibility o f a scientific model, is a
measure o f the importance, o f the pivotal nature, o f this concept. Today
one no longer sees as many books as one formerly did with text or textual
in their title, and “textualism,” as it is sometimes called, is often considered
a sin or at least an insult. But declining to speak o f text and textuality will
not solve any o f the problems o f literary and cultural study. I f we fail to
confront the problems clustered around the notions o f text, we are going
to be programmed by our own unexamined assumptions, for the problem
o f the text is always with us.
Let me briefly sketch what I take to be the principal vicissitudes of
text as a way o f taking up major issues we approach through it. In philology
the notion o f the text— as in the idea o f “the establishment o f the text”— is
already dual. Textual critics or textual editors contrasted the object before
them, a text, with the text that they seek to establish (often by comparing
versions) and thus with the text in the putatively perfect state in which it
left the author’s hands and to which the editor aspires to restore it. The text
is thus both the pure origin, the manifestation o f the final intention o f the
author, and an object marked by a history o f material practices of transmis
sion, which bring corruption. Textual scholarship was and indeed still is a
process o f reconstruction, based on methods that are much open to debate,
2. Ibid., 357.
3. Ibid., 358.
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