agency, distracted by the notoriety o f Knapp and Michaels’s now largely
forgotten antitheory theory, I inadvertently forgot the theory o f literature.
I think it is essential not to forget it: narrative theory, for example, is cru
cial for the analysis o f texts o f all sorts. These days, beginning graduate
students often have little acquaintance with basic narratology (they have
ry— not keeping literature and theory safe from each other.
the early days o f “theory” the term meant, above ail, theory o f literature.
ern Language Association, 1992), 20Г-35.
7. Trying to make good my omission of the theory of literature from my
which leaves out Knapp and Michaels and puts in not just “what is literature?”
but also discussion of narrative and of poetry and poetics. I am eager to help keep
Introduction
For the Russian Formalists and some o f their successors, the French struc
turalists, the “literariness” o f literature was the object o f analysis: what
makes discourses literary? how do they function? As one who came to
theory in the 1960s, when I undertook a doctoral dissertation on the use
o f linguistic models in literary studies, I took for granted the centrali
ty o f literary theory, even as I followed the exploration o f literariness in
many other sorts o f discourses, from history writing and psychoanalytic
case histories to myths and advertising. In Structuralist Poetics (which grew
out o f that doctoral dissertation) I focus on work by French structural
ists, particularly Roland Barthes, Gérard Genette, and Tzvetan Todorov,
but also draw on articles by Russian Formalists, especially Roman
Jakobson and Victor Shklovsky, as well as other members o f the Leningrad
Opojaz school, Boris Eichenbaum, and Juri Tynianov. Although in retro
spect it seems odd to have mingled Russian Formalists with French struc
turalists, clearly I was treating them as participating in the same enterprise.
The immediate impetus came from the fact that although French struc
turalists had produced a certain number o f literary analyses, they had not,
with the exceptions o f the very systematic work in narratology by Genette
and the somewhat fragmentary and self-undermining analyses and indica
tions o f Barthes, offered efficient and accessible analyses o f aspects o f the
system o f literature, and if one wanted a salient illustration o f the function
ing o f literary devices and techniques, one might find it more easily in the
works o f Shklovsky or even in suggestive remarks by Jakobson.
What was the common enterprise to which I took the structuralists
and Formalists to be contributing? Or, what is the form o f the formalism
that I took to be at work here, animating two historically diverse intellec
tual conjunctures? Put simply, it was the development o f a systematic poet
ics. In opposition to the “life and works” approach, which sought to situ
ate literary or cultural objects in the biographically defined experience o f a
historical author, the formalism o f poetics presumed the primacy o f a sys
tem o f conventions that made possible literary production. While literary
study might take as its goal the elucidation o f individual literary works, or
the interpretation o f works as products o f a historical or biographical situ
ation, the claim o f formalism was that forms are neither ornaments to be
admired for their embellishment o f a thematic content nor the expression
of a content that is the burden o f the work and whose elucidation is the
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