sicum)-, la qualité de leur sons actuels, ou plutôt celle qu’on leur attribue, est un
résultat fortuit de l’évolution phonétique.
Quant aux onomatopées authentiques (celles du
glou-glou, tic-tac), non
seulement elles sont peu nombreuses, mais leur choix est déjà en quelque mesure
arbitraire, puisqu’elles ne sont que l’imitation approximative et à demi conven
tionnelle de certaines bruits. (F 101-2)
Onomatopoeias might be used to prove that the choice of the signifier is not al
ways arbitrary. But they are never organic elements o f a linguistic system. Besides,
their number is much smaller than is generally supposed. Words like French fouet
2.
The Cours speaks of “le plan indéfini des idées” and “celui non moins in
déterminé des sons” [the undefined plane of ideas and that no less determined of
sounds] that must be articulated by differences (F 156; E 112).
The Sign: Saussure and Derrida on Arbitrariness
119
“whip” or glas “knell” may strike certain ears with a suggestive sonority, but to see
that they have not always had this character, we need only go back to their Latin
forms {fouet is derived from fagus, “beech tree,” glas = classicuvi). The quality of
their present sounds, or rather the quality that is attributed to them, is a fortuitous
result of phonetic evolution.
As for authentic onomatopoeias (e.g. glou-glou, tic-tac, etc.), not only are
they limited in number but also they are already chosen somewhat arbitrarily, for
they are only approximate and already more or less conventional imitations of cer
tain noises. (E 69)
Moreover, since these onomatopoeias become caught up in the phono
logical and morphological evolution that other words undergo, “elles ont
perdu quelque chose de leur caractère premier pour revêtir celui du signe
linguistique en général, qui est immotivé” [they lose something of their
original character in order to assume that o f the linguistic sign in general,
which is unmotivated] (F 102; E 69).
Derrida cites this passage in Glas and offers a compelling analysis o f
it, to which I will return later. For the moment what interests me is the
way in which the Course rejects fortuitous motivation in order to preserve
the essential arbitrariness o f the sign and deems apparently motivated signs
not to be organic elements o f the system, so that they might even be ig
nored by linguistics. To think language is to think the arbitrary nature o f
the sign.
The idea that the essential quality o f the sign is its arbitrariness may
not have been crucial to the development o f linguistics, but it would no
exaggeration to say that in semiology and literary and cultural studies, the
arbitrary nature o f the sign presided over the reception of Saussure and
structuralism generally. The Courses famous remarks on semiology directly
follow this discussion o f the arbitrary nature o f the sign. The possibility of
natural signs, as in pantomime, is granted, but if semiology admits them,
the Course declares, “its principal object will nonetheless be the set o f sys
tems founded on the arbitrary nature o f the sign” (F 100; E 68). One might
imagine, then, that motivated signs could be assigned to a different disci
pline, but the Course goes on to treat arbitrary signs as the general norm,
arguing that in society any means o f expression depends on a collective
habit or convention. Signs o f politeness, for instance, often endowed with
a certain natural expressivity, are nonetheless established by a rule, and it
is the rule that obliges us to use them, not their intrinsic value. “ One can
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