On Algebra Education in Russian Schools
165
property is written as follows:
A
B
=
A·C
B·C
, where C = 0. (Dorofeev,
Suvorova et al., 2009a, pp. 8–9)
As for the terms “identity,” “identical expressions,” and “equivalent
equations,” mentioned above, in keeping with the principles just
described, they are introduced only in ninth grade, at the final stage of
basic education.
There are also differences in the way the material is structured.
Thus, in the textbooks by Makarychev et al., discussions on polynomial
factorization techniques are “embedded” in material on operating with
polynomials. The topic of multiplying a monomial by a polynomial is
accompanied by an examination of the technique of factoring by means
of collecting like factors; immediately after studying the algorithm for
multiplying one polynomial by another, the students are introduced to
the factoring-by-grouping method. The textbooks by Dorofeev et al.
take a different methodological approach. Polynomial factorization is
isolated into a separate chapter, which comes after a discussion on
operations involving polynomials. Both approaches have their positive
aspects. In the first case, this is the simultaneous discussion of forward
and backward transformations. In the second case, this is the unified
and systematic character of the discussion of an important mathematical
problem.
4.1.4
Examples of test problems
After finishing basic school, graduates go through a state-mandated
final assessment in mathematics in the form of a written exam. The
problems on the exam include problems on algebraic material. The
exam puts differentiated requirements on student preparation: at
the basic and advanced levels. Of 16 problems at the basic level,
eight are aimed at testing knowledge in algebra; of five problems at
the advanced level, two or three pertain to algebraic material. Thus, the
algebraic preparation of students is tested quite thoroughly when they
graduate from basic school. Below, we provide examples of problems
aimed at testing students’ preparation at the basic level on the topics
“Algebraic Expressions” and “Equations and Systems of Equations.”
March 9, 2011
15:2
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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166
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
For “Algebraic Expressions,” exams may include problems aimed
at testing students’ command of basic concepts, terms, and formulas,
as well as their ability to:
• Find the value of an expression with variables when the values of
the variables are given;
• Find the domain of a rational expression (integral, fractional),
and of elementary expressions containing variables under a radical
sign;
• Formulate literal expressions and formulas; carry out computa-
tions based on formulas, and express one quantity in a formula in
terms of others;
• Carry out transformations of expressions containing powers with
natural and integer exponents;
• Transform integral expressions, using the rules for adding, sub-
tracting, and multiplying polynomials, including formulas for
(a ± b)
2
and (a − b)(a + b);
• Factor polynomials by factoring out common factors and by using
formulas for short multiplication; factor quadratic trinomials;
• Reduce fractions and transform simple fractional expressions;
carry out transformations of numeric expressions containing
square roots. (Kuznetsova et al., 2009, pp. 43–48)
Examples of problems are given below (some of them require a
short answer, some are multiple-choice questions, and some require
students to match questions with answers) (pp. 43–48):
1. Find the value of the expression 1.5x
3
− 0.8x for x = −1.
2. Find the value of the expression
1
−
√
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