March 9, 2011
15:2
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch04
164
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
whether it is methodologically indispensable. They deem it necessary
to distinguish mathematics itself and the standards of rigor that are
accepted in it from the teaching of mathematics and, consequently,
the standards of rigor that are appropriate to it. In particular, they
carefully take into consideration the age-dependent characteristics of
the students, only gradually cultivating their ability to see the necessity
of and feel a need for proofs. In keeping with this approach, their
textbooks contain all kinds of possible proofs that are accessible to the
students’ understanding, and whose indispensability the students can
appreciate. In the process, the students are introduced to some of the
ideas of algebraic proofs — sequences of transformations, algebraic
deduction, obtaining a formula by solving a problem in general form,
and so on. There are many such proofs in the textbook. In addition, the
students learn to prove in the process of solving problems. In presenting
the topic of literal numeration, the authors take the following method-
ological position: the properties of arithmetic operations become the
rules of algebra (in essence, axioms, whose number the authors do not
attempt to minimize). These are used as a basis on which to formulate
rules for transformations that are obvious to the students. This position
is initially seen in the seventh-grade course. The same principle of “from
numbers to letters” remains in force later on, in the presentation of
algebraic fractions. Below, we quote a passage from the textbook by
Dorofeev, Suvorova et al. (2009a), which corresponds to the passage
from the other textbook quoted above:
The rules for operating with algebraic fractions derive from the
rules for operating with ordinary fractions that are known to us
from arithmetic. In algebra, these rules become laws that govern the
transformations of algebraic fractions. You know the basic property
of ordinary fractions, according to which multiplying or dividing
the numerator and denominator of a fraction by the same nonzero
number yields a fraction that is equal to the given fraction. For
example,
13
17
=
13
·4
17
·4
. Algebraic fractions possess a similar property:
if the numerator and the denominator of an algebraic fraction are
multiplied or divided by the same nonzero polynomial, then the
fraction obtained will be equal to the one given. Using letters, this
March 9, 2011
15:2
9in x 6in
Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
b1073-ch04
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