Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
polynomials
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
= (x + y + z)
3
− 3(x + y + z)(xy + xz + yz) + 3xyz
makes it possible to solve the most varied problems. Thus, using the
identity just given, it is not difficult to deduce that the last three digits
of the number 423
3
+ 255
3
+ 322
3
− 423 · 255 · 272 are zeroes, since
x
3
+ y
3
+ z
3
− 3xyz is divisible by x + y + z. From the same identity
follows the inequality x
3
+y
3
+z
3
−3xyz ≥ 0, i.e. in essence an inequality
between the arithmetic mean and the geometric mean.
4.2.3
Equations and inequalities in the basic
and advanced courses in mathematics
in grades 10–11
As in the previous section, the sections on “Equations and Inequalities”
in the basic and advanced courses have a certain shared component,
which is mainly connected with standard techniques for solving
irrational equations.
Thus, in the textbook by Kolmogorov et al. (2007), the technique
for solving irrational equations in essence amounts to the method of
squaring both parts of an equation and subsequently checking for
roots to exclude extraneous ones. This method is quite legitimately
employed for all equations with radicals. Consider the following
example:
Solve the equation
√
x − 6 =
√
4
− x.
As an illustration, let us quote a passage from the textbook that pertains
to the solution of this equation: “Squaring both sides of this equation,
we obtain x − 6 = 4 − x, 2x = 10, x = 5. By substituting, we conclude
that the number 5 is not a root of the given equation. Therefore, the
equation has no solutions” (Kolmogorov et al., 2007, p. 207).
In the advanced course, somewhat more attention is devoted
to this topic, since the aim here is not merely to make students
learn certain simple algorithms, but first and foremost, as has already
been said, to develop their awareness of underlying connections
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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On Algebra Education in Russian Schools
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between different parts of the course. Therefore, the standard algo-
rithm, which remains a kind of “magic wand,” gradually gives way
to considerably more tricky maneuvers, which make it possible to
shorten solutions substantially and even to solve a certain range of
problems mentally. These techniques are based on the investigation
of the domains of the left-hand and right-hand sides of the equation,
their ranges, and the properties of the functions that enter into the
equation.
Let us use an example to clarify what has just been said. Thus, in
the advanced course, the equation given above does not need to be
solved straightforwardly. The students are already sufficiently prepared
to “see” that the domains of the left-hand and right-hand sides of the
equation do not intersect, so that there simply is no place for roots in
this equation.
Furthermore, in the advanced course, in addition to equations,
students solve irrational inequalities. The following examples show the
level of difficulty of these problems and the variety of techniques used
in solving them:
• Solve the equation
3
√
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