Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
Ryzhik (2009) published a collection of problems aimed at com-
bining the convenience that multiple-choice questions have for the
purpose of grading and the openness and even ambiguity of traditional
Russian problems. In each of these problems, students must write down
one of the following signs: “
+” (correct), “−” (incorrect), “0” (I don’t
know), “!” (the problem is not formulated correctly, since the object
that is discussed is not defined), and “?” (no unequivocal answer can
be given; additional information is needed). Students receive one point
for every correct answer, lose one point for every incorrect answer, and
get no points added or subtracted for writing down “0.” Consider the
following example:
The graph of
y = f(x) passes through the origin. The graph(s) of
which other function(s) also pass(es) through the origin?
(1)
y = 2f(x); (2) y = f(−x); (3) y = f(x + 1);
(4)
y = |f(x)|; (5) y = 1 − f(x). (p. 136)
In this case, it is clear that the answers to questions 1, 2, and 4 must
be “correct” (“
+”), the answer to question 5 must be “incorrect”
(“
−”), and the answer to question 3 must be “?” since it is not known
what value the given function has when
x = −1.
An example of a situation in which the right answer is “!” may be
seen in a problem that asks students to indicate whether the number
a is irrational, given that a = (
√
−2)
2
(p. 21). Since complex numbers
have not yet been studied at this stage, such a number does not exist.
Less subtle problems, however, have received the greatest attention.
Problems from the USE have had a serious impact, and of 26 problems
typically offered, 10 were multiple-choice problems. Two examples of
such problems from the 2007 version of the USE are (http://www1.
ege.edu.ru/content/view/21/43/):
1. Find the value of the expression 4
6
p
· 4
−4p
when
p =
1
4
.
(1) 1;
(2) 2;
(3) 32;
(4) 4.
2. Simplify the following expression:
3
√
54
·
√
16
3
√
250
.
(1) 1.2;
(2)
6
·
3
√
2
5
;
(3) 2.4;
(4)
3
√
2
.
It should be noted that multiple-choice problems on the USE have
provoked strong criticism (for example, see the website http://www.
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
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Assessment in Mathematics in Russian Schools
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mccme.ru). In particular, it has been argued that although computa-
tional problems similar to the ones that appeared on the exam have a
role to play in teaching, since without acquiring certain skills students
would be unable to solve any substantive problems, they are misleading
on a final exam and appear useless, pointlessly artificial, and old-
fashioned. One may expect that the problems on the USE will undergo
certain changes in the future.
In conclusion, it should be noted that college entrance exams have
also had a considerable influence on secondary schools. Such exams
have employed a great variety of problems: although the dominant
format has remained the traditional Russian schema of five or six
problems to which students are required to provide detailed and
substantiated solutions, other kinds of problems have long ago begun
appearing on the exams as well, including multiple-choice questions.
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