Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
were given to those who had fives as their final grades for all of
the half-years in grades 10 and 11, as well as on all of their exams.
Silver medals were given to students with slightly less perfect records,
allowing for one or two fours. Until recently, medalists enjoyed certain
privileges in entering institutions of higher learning. In Russia (USSR),
students were normally admitted to such institutions on the basis of
entrance exams; medalists had to take only the first exam and would
be admitted if they received a top grade (medalists who failed to get
a top grade on their first exam had to take the other exams with the
other students). For a school, having a large number of medalists has
traditionally been a special point of pride. Consequently, schools have
often taken deliberate measures to increase their numbers, making
sure that a potential medalist is not given a two by accident and so
on. According to our observations, during the 1990s the number of
medalists increased by several times. Today, medalists do not enjoy any
privileges in entering institutions of higher learning and are admitted
to such institutions in the same manner as all other students, based on
results of the Uniform State Exams (USE; see below). Unfortunately,
however, the “spirit of competition” has continued to produce negative
effects to this day.
Mention must be made of a crucial feature of the assessment process
as it has developed in Russia (and the USSR). During all periods in the
history of Russian schools, grades have been given publicly. A grade
must be announced by the teacher in front of the whole class, both
after students have been orally questioned at the blackboard and after
their written work has been checked and corrected. In Soviet times,
“grade screens” hung in classrooms, on which all grades received by
students were displayed, with unsatisfactory or outstanding grades
highlighted. At one time, the slogan “Learning is not your personal
business” was quite widespread, and the education of each student was
reviewed not only by teachers but also by the Komsomol organization
of the class, and even by the Komsomol (Young Communist League)
organization of the school. The practice of making students’ grades
public has continued to this day.
In connection with the fact that grades are made public, the “spirit
of competition,” which we have already mentioned, has been variously
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encouraged and promoted in the schools. Unfortunately, the frequent
outcome of this has been not so much competition with respect to
learning as competition with respect to grades. It should be kept in
mind, too, that the fact that grades are made public — although
undoubtedly traumatic for students in certain cases — is something
absolutely ordinary and familiar to them; for this reason, they perceive
this practice in a different way than it would be perceived, say, by
American students if it were suddenly introduced in an American
classroom. The fact that grades are public and that students can
compare their results with those of other students ensures that grades
remain objective and also facilitates the development of the students’
ability to assess themselves. Not infrequently, teachers discuss the
grades they give with a student or with the entire class, thus making
their demands more precise and giving students some opportunity to
contest those grades as well.
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