of functions.
equations and inequalities, and functions.
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Russian Mathematics Education: Programs and Practices
Calculus.” Two developments take place here: the class of elementary
functions that students investigate is expanded, as is the range of
mathematical methods used to investigate functions.
Along with the functions studied earlier, students are now intro-
duced to power functions (with an examination of fractional and
negative exponents), exponential functions, logarithmic functions, and
trigonometric functions. Functions are investigated using the methods
of calculus.
Among the issues that have traditionally been part of the apparatus
of calculus, the topic studied in the greatest detail is “Derivatives.”
The content here is sufficiently traditional: the derivatives of basic
elementary functions, the rules of differentiation, and using derivatives
to investigate functions and solve problems involving maxima and
minima. If the topic “Derivatives” is studied by all upperclassmen,
then matters become more complicated with the topic “Integrals.”
Only the study of the concept of “antiderivatives” is currently declared
to be fully mandatory, along with the corresponding computation of
antiderivatives, with more difficult problems (such as problems that
involve computing areas) forming an optional part of the program —
more precisely, they are currently not included in the so-called require-
ments for graduation, which means that such problems will not appear
on exams.
In general, the fruitfulness of studying the elements of calculus in
school is sometimes contested. Critics mainly point to the difficulty
of this material. Some time ago, education minister Andrey Fursenko
even saw fit to remark that studying the methods of higher mathemat-
ics kills students’ creativity (http://www.rosbalt.ru/2009/02/11/
617365.html). However, these sections have long ago and firmly
become established as parts of the school curriculum and school
practice, and the author of this chapter likewise unequivocally belongs
to the number of their supporters, believing that the exposition of
the elements of higher mathematics contributes greatly to students’
intellectual development.
In this chapter, we will briefly present the history of the teaching of
higher mathematics in Russian (Soviet) schools and concentrate on ana-
lyzing the main textbooks and programs, examining that component in
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them which pertains to elements of analysis. We should also note that
in this chapter we will be focusing on so-called “ordinary” schools.
The programs of schools with an advanced course in mathematics have
traditionally devoted far greater attention to calculus, but this topic is
addressed in other chapters of this volume.
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