Rlchard Pettlnger

Confrontational approach – the attitude adopted by many organiza- tions in labor relations management.

Culture – the amalgam and summary of the ways in which activities are conducted, standards and values adopted, and the patterns of behavior present.

Harassment – unwanted physical or behavioral contact; sexual harass- ment is unwanted contact or communication of a sexual nature.

Institutionalization – the physical and psychological acceptance of patterns of activities and behavior as normal.

Management development – a series of learning and training events directed at recognizing and managing stressors at places of work.

Organization development – the institutionalization of high quality and integrated learning and development activities, a by-product of which is the reduction of stress levels.

Post traumatic stress disorder – physiological and psychological responses to the after effects of stress, or as the result of being involved in a major crisis, trauma or disaster.

Role conflict – incompatible demands made on individuals by different groups or persons.

Role culture – the establishment of organizational attitudes, values, and norms on the basis of clearly prescribed job descriptions, and rank and hierarchical relationships.

KEY CONCEPTS AND THINKERS 93
Role overload – extreme demands made on individuals by either their job or one part of it.

Role underload – lack of intrinsic merit or value in particular tasks.

Strain – deviations from normal states of functioning resulting from stressful events.

Stress – patterns of emotional states and physiological reactions occur- ring in response to demands from within, or outside, organizations.

Stress-related illnesses – other injuries and illnesses brought upon individuals by prolonged exposure to stress.

Theory X/Theory Y – an attempt by D.C. McClelland (1960) to classify extremes of organizational and managerial approaches.

Victimization and discrimination – relationships based on preju- dice and the misuse of power, in which individuals are targeted and denigrated because of their gender, sexuality, disability, location, lifestyle or other qualities.