Republic of uzbekistan fergana state university

Speaking Sub-skills

Speaking a foreign language is a communicative skill that can be naturally / socially acquired (as in first or second language context of use) or it also can be acquired by instruction as in the case of countries wherein English is a foreign language. Different theories and hypotheses about the knowledge, abilities and skills needed to speak English as a foreign language have been arisen from disciplines as psycholinguistics, sociolinguistics and neurolinguistics. As a result of the findings exposed by these theories, some experts recommend the utilization of approaches focused on communication for the teaching of this skill. Knowledges, abilities and skills: key elements to speak a foreign language. Concerning the sub skills or sub processes behind the speaking skills, there seems to be a generalized perception among experts on the idea that for speaking English as a foreign language two principal elements are crucial: knowledge, abilities and skills. As a sample of this claim, Pawlak (2011) states that the features of speaking have typically been regarded in two main branches: the diverse kinds of knowledge that learners have and the skills needed to use this knowledge in real communication. These two branches have been named in different articles and by different authors like Tarone (2005) in terms of forms and functions; Bygate (2008) in terms of oral repertoire and oral processes; Thornbury (2005) in terms of what learners know and what learners do; and again Bygate (2002) in terms of language as a system and language in contexts of use. Clearly, in this point it is possible to label the sub skills that support the speaking skill in linguistic skills and communicative skills.

Another important characterization of the speaking skill enacts the interdependence between sub skills associated to listening and sub skills related to speech production. Therefore, situated in the place of a speaker, there are some sub skills that can have a great influence in the quality of his or her speech. Vocabulary, pronunciation and language choices skills. Celce-Murcia & Olsthain (2000) declares that speaking requires control of both skills for listening comprehension and skills with reference to the production of speech. Among these last mentioned the vocabulary retrieval sub skills, pronunciation sub skills and the sub skills related to choice grammatical patterns are outstanding samples of sub skills that in any act of speaking can be involved in unplanned and unpredictable situations. Here, it can be clearly seen the incidence of the three main kind of sub skills that Bygate (2008) had also explained: first, the command of the target linguistic knowledge that includes phonologic, grammatical and lexical selection; second, that speaker and hearer share background knowledge such as content and propositions. Finally, and considering contextual and interactionist approaches of speaking skill, the speaker and the listener also have to share and follow sociocultural rules of appropriacy. In this sense, according to Celce-Murcia & Olsthain (2000): For the speaker to be able to produce utterances that communicate his intended message, the three conditions need to be meet: The linguistic form should enable the hearer to make propositional identification; in addition, the physical context, shared world knowledge, and sociocultural norms should enable the hearer to come up with an interpretation of the intended message (p.166).

The verbal utterances produced in any speaking act reflect in this way the knowledge of the speakers on the language and the repertoire of speaking skills and communicative strategies that they use. The incidence of a communicative intention or purpose can be also realized through the verbal utterances produced in the interactions (Celce-Murcia & Olsthain, 2000).

Speaking is an interactive process constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information (Brown, 1994; Burns & Joyce, 1997, cited in Maryann:1999). Its form and meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs, including the participants themselves, their collective experience, the physical environment, and the purposes for speaking.

Teaching Speaking is chalanging for teacher. The teacher should take the best approach, method and strategies in order to achieve the teaching purposes easlily, and the media that will make the students to be more motivated to study. The teacher who is able to present the material easily becomes students’ idol.

Ramelan (1991:22,cited in Dinda:2011) states that the poor mastery of English speaking of students is result of the old ways of teaching which do not give stress to the mastery of spoken language. It means the poorness of students’ speaking ability becomes the problem of learning process because some teachers still use the old ways to teach the students as like the old methods and the teachers do not use the good media in the teaching learning process. They just concern on the theory not on the practiced. Although improvement of speaking skill is the important problem, in fact only some teachers realize it.

The students sometimes get difficulties in choosing the appropriate word to be said when they want to describe something. For example when the researcher teach english in junior high school, the student often felt affraid and shy to tell something in front of their friends although actually they can do it, and the students very difficult to remember the new vocabulary, because they lazy to practice speaking with friends in the school. That is the prove that the students often get difficulties in speaking.

The teacher can use media in teaching of English language, method are used to help the students for speaking to make interaction between the teacher and students. Furthermore, the teacher has to prepare the interested aids before teaching learning process done. In this case, the researcher used Thematic Card game as method in teaching learning processes. Card is chosen as media of teaching speaking. The researcher used The Thematic Card Game as a media to teach speaking. The Thematic Card Game is a card that interisting for students in learning English Speaking, because in Thematic Card there is pictures that very colourfull and simple so that the student can receive the lesson easily. Speaking is an interactive process of constructing meaning that involves producing and receiving and processing information (Brown, 1994; Burns & Joyce, 1997). Its form and meaning are dependent on the context in which it occurs, including the participants themselves, their collective experiences, the physical environment, and the purposes for speaking. It is often spontaneous, open-ended, and evolving. However, speech is not always unpredictable. Language functions (or patterns) that tend to recur in certain discourse situations (e.g., declining an invitation or requesting time off from work), can be identified and charted (Burns &Joyce, 1997.Speech has its own skills, structures, and conventions different from written language (Burns & Joyce, 1997; Carter & McCarthy, 1995; Cohen, 1996).

The goal of language is communication and the aim of speaking in a language context is to promote communicative efficiency; teachers want students to actually be able to use the language as correctly as possible and with a purpose. Students often value speaking more than the other skills of reading, writing and listening so motivation is not always as big of an issue, but what often happens is students feel more anxiety related to their oral production. As speaking is interrelated with the other skills, its development results in the development of the others. One of the primary benefits of increased communicative competency is the resulting job, education and travel opportunities; it is always an asset to be able to communicate with other people.

Every students has difference characteristics, so the teacher should give the students way to makes easy and give them a techinque which acceptable for them, because to teach in junior high school teacher should have method, technique which is enjoyable for them, it makes them interested to learn the speaking itself. The teacher as mediator and fasilitator should to be aware and considers the capacity, the need and the interest of the students so that the teacher can choose the best way to deliver the essence of learning to the students. Since Indonesia students learn English as a foreign language and they can be called beginner in English, learning in pleasant circumstances is very important for them. Interesting media in learning can attract their interest and help their concentration stay longer. So, their attention and motivation in learning speaking can be maintained

According to Mora & Lopera (2001,cited in Wilam:2009) stated that “the games and fun activities have alsways been one of everybody’s favourite things to in a class, both for teachers and students”. The researcher consedered games as the best motivation to help the student speak in front of their friends. The researcher think that motivation plays an important role when apply a game, not only to get the students’ concertation but also to produce better learning process.

A variety of games are like cue cards, activity cards and card games. Card Games is games with using card. Hadfield (1990: V) says that game could be any activity that formalizes a techniques into units that can be scored in some way. Cards, of course, also give students something to talk about, so the student can improve speaking skill. According to Rixon (1981: 101) visual prompt like small word or picture cards not only are attractive but also influence turn-taking in a game. It means that card game is the activity or game which uses cards to make the students talk about something. According to Anne Merrit, “Thematic Card is a great to increase speaking ability and get the new words”.So that, the student can remember about the new word and arrange word by word become sentences. Thematic card is driven game for two to four players set. It takes about 15 to 30 minutes to play and offers a variety of strategies surrounding collecting sets of cards and with choose the card the students can see the picture and the students start to make an explanation about what they see on the card.

In additions, Thematic Card is enjoyable activity involving an object that is achieved by following certain rules (Ryan Morgenegg:2014). There are some benefits that can be got from Thematic CardGame. First, it is able to reduce anxiety and motivate learners in using language. Second, it makes learner learn easily. Third, it is easy to do. It can also be used in language learning and teaching. It will be a powerfull aid to help teachers in creating a fun learning and teaching atmosphere. Speaking English is the main goal of many adult learners. Their

personalities play a large role in determining how quickly and how

correctly they will accomplish this goal. Those who are risk-takers

unafraid of making mistakes will generally be more talkative, but with

many errors that could become hard to break habits. Conservative, shy

students may take a long time to speak confidently, but when they do, their

English often contains fewer errors and they will be proud of their English

ability. It's a matter of quantity vs. quality, and neither approach is wrong

so how shall we prioritize the two clearly important speaker goals of

accurate(clear, articulate,grammatically and phonologically

correct)language and fluent(flowing,natural)language? However, if the

aim of speaking is communication and that does not require perfect

English, then it makes sense to encourage quantity in your classroom.

Break the silence and get students communicating with whatever English

they can use, correct or not, , and selectively address errors. Importance of English Language.

2.1.1 The English language has become an international language. Among nations it

serves as a lingua franca. It is spoken, learnt and understood even in those countries where

it is not a native’s language. English is playing a major role in many sectors including

medicine, engineering, education, advanced studies, business, technology, banking,

computing, tourism etc. All our software development today, the communication facilities

available to us through internet, our access to a variety of websites, are all being carried

out in English. Most of the research works are conducted and compiled in English.

Anything written and recorded in this language is read and listened to, in wider circles. As

a result, English is being taught and learned around the world as a second language today. The Importance of Speaking Skills. Language is a tool for communication. We communicate with others, to express

our ideas, and to know others’ ideas as well. Communication takes place, where there is speech. Without speech we cannot communicate with one another. The importance of speaking skills, hence is enormous for the learners of any language. Without speech, a language is reduced to a mere script. The use of language is an activity which takes place within the confines of our community. We use language in a variety of situations. People at their work places, i.e. researchers working either in a medical laboratory or in a language laboratory, are supposed to speak correctly and effectively in-order to communicate well with one another. Any gap in commutation results in misunderstandings and problems.

For a smooth running of any system, the speakers of a language need to be

especially and purposefully trained in the skill of speaking.

In-order to become a well rounded communicator one needs to be proficient in

each of the four language skills viz., listening , speaking, reading and writing, but the ability to speak skillfully, provides the speaker with several distinct advantages. The capacity to express one’s thoughts, opinions and feelings, in the form of words put together in a meaningful way, provides the speaker with these advantages. The joy of sharing one’s ideas with others is immense. When we speak to others we come to have a better understanding of our own selves, as Robert Frost once said: ‘‘I am a writer of books in retrospect, I talk in order to understand, I teach in order to learn.’’ Undoubtedly, the clarity in speech reflects clear thinking. An effective speaker can gain the attention of the audience and hold it till the

completion of his message. Speaking skills are important for career success, but certainly

not limited to one’s professional aspirations. Speaking skills can also enhance one’s

personal life.