Reja: Barqaror birikmalar haqida ma'lumot

Basic features of phraseology . In order to distinguish phraseological units from other linguistic units, in particular words and free expressions, it is necessary to determine the specific features of phraseological units.

1. Repetition of phraseological units in speech   as completed units. Stable combinations exist in language as a set of previously created language combinations that we need to remember as we remember words.

2. The Integrity of the Meaning of Phraseological Units The   fact that, despite the division of the structure, they have a generalized-integral meaning is usually a revision of a phrase based on a particular semantic content. Stable compounds, one of the members of which is obsolete and not used in modern language other than this phrase, serve as good examples of the meaning of phraseology not being added to the values ​​of its components. However, the speaker does not consider the word unfamiliar to him because he knows the general, inseparable meaning of all phraseological units. Generalized - integral meanings are also expressions in which the relationship between the general meaning of a stable compound and the values ​​of its components can be observed.

3. Consistency of composition , stability distinguishes phraseological units from free expressions. The peculiarity of stable compounds is that they are, as a rule, constant and structural, ie. they contain certain words placed in the prescribed order. The interchangeability of the components of phraseological units is only possible in the phraseological variants of the common language, viz. in stable combinations that have the same meaning, have the same figurative structure, but differ in lexical and grammatical content.

4. Equivalence of phraseologyand a single word means that a stable compound is very similar to a word. Like a word, this linguistic unit is repeated in a ready-made form and is not re-created each time, has an independent meaning and grammatical connection, which means that the phraseological unit, like a word, belongs to a particular part of speech. We can distinguish nominal phraseological expressions (a shot sparrow is an experienced person), adjectives (there are not enough stars in the sky - about a simple, unrecognizable person) verbs (to fall into a dead state - to be in a difficult situation); adverbial (tirelessly, diligently, tirelessly), mixed (know ours! - about praising yourself). Many phraseological units correspond to one word (wearing both shoulder blades - to win). Stable expressions are similar to words in a syntactic function because they act as an individual member of the sentences. For example: Adam did not turn his grandson alone (M. Lermontov);

5. Separation of phraseological units   consists of the fact that it consists of at least two verbal components, each of which is grammatically limited as an independent unit, i.e. it has a stress and an ending. This is the main difference between phraseology and vocabulary.

6. Phraseological description  This is because many stable expressions not only evoke events, signs, objects, behaviors, but also include a specific image. This is primarily due to the similarity and comparison of the two phenomena, the meanings of which are formed on the basis of linguistic metaphor, one being the basis for comparison and the other relating to the phraseological units being compared with it. For example, the phraseology refers to grated kalach, i.e. an experienced person who has seen a lot in life, which corresponds to grated kalach (one of the varieties of kalacha) that is rubbed and crushed for a long time before cooking. This creates an image of phraseology. It is not imagined in some phraseological units of the Russian language. These include various semantically indivisible compounds,

7. Coloring emotionally expressivePhraseological units Most of the phraseological units in the Russian language are characterized by the fact that they perform a characteristic function in addition to the nominative function: they not only name some objects, events, actions that exist in objective reality, but also evaluate objects, events, actions. The emotional and expressive significance of phraseological units in Russian is different. Some of them have minimal expression (expressiveness), for example: stay in your ears - “always heard”. Others have a clear pronunciation and serve to emphasize the expressed value. For example, hitting with a key is “violent leakage, manifestation”. The presence of phraseological units in the process of emotionally expressive coloring can be viewed as synonymous phraseological units, which have a common meaning and may vary in color. For example, about a man who knows how to do everything from the boredom of all trades (positive rating) and the Swiss, the reaper and the rude player (playful and sarcastic rating).

characteristic feature of many stable combinations. In some phraseological units, this indicates that its component has a phraseologically related meaning in the language, the main features of which are the lack of semantic independence and dependence in the choice of lexical environment. For example, the phraseological meaning of the word "oath" is manifested only in a certain lexical environment, when it is combined with the word "enemy": the enemy who swears - "uncompromising enemy" - and in Russian it is not used outside of a stable compound. The phraseological nature of the meaning of one of the components of a different fixed compound is that this component is only within the framework of this phraseological unit, is manifested in the fact that it has a separate external meaning and a special phraseologically related meaning that can be used in many free combinations. For example, the word “white” is used in a language that has its own meaning in free combinations (white paper, white snow), but only within a stable combination of white crow is it a unique, phraseological has a related meaning - "unlike something else.".

9. The idiom of phraseology is manifested by the fact that its semantic indivisible meaning does not derive from and does not correspond to the values ​​of the components taken separately. It is therefore impossible to accurately translate phraseological units into other languages; this can be explained by the existence of specific laws specific to this language. If free expressions are constructed mainly on the basis of the general laws of linguistic reflection of extralistic reality, then the use of words as part of phraseology is determined by the specific laws of a particular language system.

* Recently, questions about the semantics of phraseological units are increasingly attracting the attention of phraseologists, who use different names without taking into account the specific features of their semantics: the meaning of generalizing metaphor (SA Abakumov), semantic monolithic (PP Kalinin) single. integral meaning (VV Vinogradov), semantic idiom (AI Smirnitsky) and others. The multiplicity of such names, indicating the semantic specificity of the phraseological units, reflects the undoubted complexity of this phenomenon. without sufficient knowledge of the matter itself.

The main feature of phraseological units is their completely or partially reconsidered meaning. With some lexemes, only a fraction of the phraseological units are identified, but most of them can only be identified using a phrase or a detailed description. The semantic peculiarity of a phraseological unit lies in the specificity of the combination of components, so they act not only as the main semantic components of the phraseological unit, but also as connecting links between them. These components are the minimum units of semantics of phraseological units and perform the functions of defining or giving meaning.

* The classification of phraseological units is based on more or less motivational meanings of phraseological units, semantic combinations of components. After Academician VVVinogradov, it is common to distinguish three main types: phraseological merger, phraseological merger, and phraseological compounds.