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сборник. Нукус.
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Тажимов Т.Т. Развитие и размещение селъского хозяйства ККАССР.
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SECTION 2.
SOCIOLOGY
CONTEXTS OF REPRESENTATION OF THE MIGRANT
BACKGROUND AND ETHNICITY ON THE EXAMPLE
OF FRENCH HIP-HOP
Egean Artem Arsenovich
Master’s Degree of Sociology,
Saint Petersburg State University,
Russia, Saint Petersburg
French hip-hop, of course, carries a long and significant history for this
genre. France is the second (after the United States) country in the number of
hip-hop songs released. The zone of Francophonie is extremely important for
world culture and two continents (Europe and Africa), in many contexts linked
historically and, in modern terms, by the knots and threads of migration and
heritage of the French Empire era.
For all France's focus on unification, so-called "francization", "gallization"
of colonial possessions, and non-European populations in the 18th, 19th,
and partly 20th century, it must be recognized that many implementations
and programs both succeeded and failed. The decolonization of Africa (which
is home to the majority of Francophones and the absolute majority of non-EU
migrants in France) could not but affect the self-perception of the former colonies
and the exalted negative contexts of the Imperial heritage of the metropolis.
Further historical development of the French language and culture, especially
Parisian, in Africa has undergone changes (reaching radical trends),
especially in countries such as Algeria, Mali and Congo-Brazzaville [1].
These processes are immanent and certainly relevant in the light of the
perception of the Genesis and formation of the French hip-hop scene, primarily
due to the migrant background of the latter. A significant percentage of artists
with Kabyle Algerian and Congolese roots are the most prominent French
hip-hop artists, occupying leading positions in the charts, for example, France
top 40 hip-hop.
The aim of the study is to identify patterns in the representation of
ethnic and socio-cultural contradictions on the example of France and French
hip-hop.
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Tasks:
1. establish the background of ethnicity and migration in France.
2. identify differences between different groups of migrants and their
different sociopolitical views, primarily within Paris.
3. reveal the differences in regional schools of French hip-hop.
4. identify the form and focus of socio-cultural protest (and related tension,
assimilation, and ethno-cultural conflict) research.
Methods are context analysis (visual anthropology), as well as comparative
historical and partially statistical methods.
French hip-hop, as well as American (as well as British) is inextricably
linked with a set of factors of a sociological nature. Among them, the following
should be noted in the most important way: socio-economic niche in the
financial, educational, linguistic and cultural levels, as well as integration into
the local culture (micro-levels of culture), in the system of acceptance and
values of the host local majority (French of European origin) [2].
For a rational and systematic perception of the Genesis of hip-hop
culture in General and especially in Western Europe, of which France
is a prominent representative (along with Belgium and the Netherlands),
it is necessary to realize the three most significant points. The first is the focus
of empathy within the so-called ghettoized areas, as well as their symbolism.
The second is to emphasize distance in relation to other groups of the population
(not involved in the totality of symbolic contexts of French hip-hop). The third
is an extreme form of liberalism and freedom of speech, reaching a radical
version of directness and realism, which is certainly a distinctive feature
of France even against the background of neighboring countries, which,
however, are also known for their freedom of speech [3].
Analyzing the forms of French hip-hop, it is impossible not to note
its regional specifics: first of all, it is divided into five parts geographically:
Paris and the suburbs, Marseille, other major cities, small cities in the South,
small cities in the North and, of course, overseas colonies. Institutionally,
Marseille is divided into two parts: French-Algerian and Euro-French. Paris,
in turn, as the capital and cultural center of the French-speaking world (along
with Montreal, differing from the latter by less integration of social and migrant
into a single whole), is the core with the absolute majority of musical artists
in this genre [4].
The main narratives in visual anthropology are four symbols of French
hip-hop with a migrant context: ghettoization, criminalization, close connection
with the country of origin and the realization of one's place in French society.
This is deliberately emphasized in the linguistic analysis of texts, especially
with regard to the performer Sofiane. For example, the most viewed tracks
on Youtube are "Toka" and "Bakhaw" with a significant part of the representation
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of ethno-social, socio-cultural distance from the rest of France in the context
of ghettoization, obscene language and insults. Flags of Algeria, Morocco,
demonstrative drinking of strong alcohol, empathy between ghetto residents
dancing to his music, huge crowds of marginalized youth with a migrant
background [5].
These examples are certainly relevant in reading the information
embedded in the accompanying hip-hip texts and video clips.
The most outstanding representatives of the "romance of crime", the so-
called "street crime with ethnic background" with the manifestations of
ethno-social distance and allochthonous origin are Sofiane, Kofs, Lacrim,
L’algerino (Algerian, primarily Kabyle), Ninho (Congolese), Zeguerre (Malian).
Contexts entertainment and aesthetic direction, with elements of ethnic
representation include PNL. Dadju and Soolking (Algerian), Gims (Ivorian),
Aya Nakamura (Malian), Lefa (Senegalese).
Thus, the conclusions were reached in accordance with the goals. First,
the background of ethnicity and migration is analyzed: such significant and
key details are highlighted as the war in Algeria with the consequences of the
split of the Algerian waves of migration into two camps (related to political
views either in favor of France or in favor of Arabic-speaking Algeria, as well
as ethnohistorical focuses, for example, Arabs, Kabyle/Berbers and Jews).
We can also note the decolonization of Algeria, Soviet and communist
propaganda in pro-soviet countries of Tropical Africa, and francophobia
(so-called gallophobia), implemented in the form of negation of the contexts
of French identification and France-related. Other features include: socio-
economic ghettoization in the suburbs of Paris and the center of Marseille
and the romanticization of criminalization in the rap genre (in the image and
likeness of the American pattern) [6].
Differences between migrants are identified and systematized into the
following groups (Maghreb, tropical West Africa, Caribbean Islands). the key
differences in the intragroup nature are the degree of integration into the genre
specifics of France proper and the current contexts of the French identification.
The form and focus of socio-cultural protest are realized primarily
based on the pattern of a directly proportional context of ethnic and social
marginalization in the economically depressed suburbs of Paris. They are
often associated with the General paradigm of romanticizing one's own way
of life and hypertrophied representation of the identity of the Mediterranean-
Semitic culture in contrast to the unified culture of European France, primarily
the capital (Paris and the suburbs).
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