Qatar Economic Outlook 2021 - 2023
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Box 1-3: Factors Affecting GDP by Expenditure Approach
GDP by the expenditure approach consists of final consumption expenditures of households and
government final consumption expenditures, gross capital formation, and resource balance (net
exports and imports of goods and services). The estimation of the final consumption
expenditure of households (private) is based on the final result of the Household Expenditure
and Income Survey (HEIS), where the last survey was conducted for the State of Qatar in 2018.
These data are used as a benchmark for estimating the final consumption expenditure of
households. For example, consumption expenditures for the current year 2021 is estimated by
extrapolating the data from 2018 using several volume and prices indices related to household
components.
It should be noted that the volume index is a combination of the population growth rate and a
quality factor, which essentially defines the change in the quality of the products (product mix) in
the basket, as well as other specific volume indicators such as the deflated sales of fuel for
private vehicles, the number of cars sold, the volume indicator of human health activities, among
others. With these indicators, the estimated values are considered constant and then using the
relevant components of the consumer price index to calculate current values. Thus, it should be
clear from the above that the final consumption expenditure of households is a composite
indicator of the population, the consumer price index, travel expenses, owner-occupied housing,
and other short-term indicators.
With regard to government final consumption expenditures, it is defined as the result of
subtracting any revenues derived under the classification of non-market sales from
total
government production
, which in turn equals the total government costs represented by the
cost of employees’ compensation, intermediate consumption of goods and services, and
consumption of fixed capital. In terms of estimating the constant values of government
consumption expenditures, it is also calculated through a deflationary methodology that uses the
components of the relevant consumer price index.
The Gross Capital Formation as one of the expenditure components of GDP, which is derived in
Qatar as a residual to take into account the statistical differences between the two methods for
compiling GDP, i.e., the production and the expenditure approach. On an annual basis, the
calculation of gross capital formation is validated using the results of the annual economic
survey, government budget data, and the financial statement of the corporations as the main
sources. A record of the statistical discrepancies is kept internal for analysis of consistency. It is
worth to mention that Gross Fixed Capital Formation (GFCF), comprised of the changes in
public and private capital goods inventories, as well as the acquisition of fixed assets minus the
disposal of valuables (such as jewellery and works of art). Thus, the GFCF, then, measures the
additions to the capital stock of buildings, transport equipment, machinery, and inventories, i.e.,
the additions to the capacity to produce more goods and services in the future. Furthermore,
changes in inventories involve (1) materials and supplies, (2) works-in-progress (for example,
crops in fields or greenhouses, maturing trees, livestock husbandry, uncompleted structures,
uncompleted other fixed assets, and partially completed film productions or software), (3)
finished goods, (4) goods for resale.
As for the resource balance, which is the net exports and imports of goods and services, whose
nominal data is obtained from the balance of payments and its constant value is estimated
through the deflationary methodology using the latest import index (import unit value) to remove
the effect of nominal prices, while the producer price index (PPI) is used to deflate the nominal
export data , However, since work is still in progress in preparing an export index, at present,
related PPIs are used to deflate exports of goods, while exports of services are deflated by a
composite price index based on the CPI for services.
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