Psychology of management

The main parameters of the three style of management 
Let us specify a number of important observations in this connection: 
- the aforementioned styles of management in their pure form, per se, can be seen 
extremely seldom. As a rule, there is observed a combination of different styles, but nevertheless 
the traits of one of them prevail; 
- among the described management styles there is no single, unique style useful for any 
life-situation, there are no good or bad styles. All of them have their advantages and cause 
related problems. 
- management effectiveness depends primarily on flexibility in applying positive sides of 
this or that style and on the ability to neutralize its negative sides. 
So, it is possible to speak only of a style adequate or inadequate to a concrete situation, 
specific conditions, specific needs in this or that management style. For instance, in extremal 
conditions authoritarian style is necessary. But in conditions of everyday activity when there is a 
friendly and well-trained collective, democratic management style is successful. The conditions 
of creative search dictate the expedience of using elements of liberal management style.
The choice by the manager of one or another management style is determined by a 
number of objective and subjective factors. 
Objective factors: 
-
organization’s type
(production, supply and sales, scientific, etc.); 
-
specifics of the main activity of the organization
(production, supply and sales, 
learning, scientific, etc.); 
-
specifics of the tasks solved
(simple and complex, new and habitual, regular and urgent, 
standard and non-standard, current and sudden, etc.); 
-
conditions of task-solving
(favorable, unfavorable, extreme, etc.); 
-
methods and means of organization’s activity
(individual, group, etc.); 
-
development level of the organization
; 
-
management style, forms and methods of the top executive’s work
; 
-
the step in managerial hierarchy taken by the manager
. Psychologists’ research have 
shown that the higher this step the more the given executive is disposed to authoritarian actions, 
but this authoritarianism takes more complicated and subtle forms; 

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-
coincidence of an executive’s management style with the expectations expressed by 
employees
. Psychologists have established that in groups with a high development and education 
level of their members there prevail expectations of democratic methods on the part of executive. 
And on the contrary, in groups with low development level of their members there prevail 
expectations of tougher and concrete actions of the executive. Expectation of authoritarian 
management occurs also in an extreme situation.