Effects of Language Use on Communicators' Attitudes
Although attitude change research has been concerned primarily with the effects persuasive
messages have on their recipients, a persuasive message also may influence the attitudes of the
person who produced it. The effects of language use on a speaker's attitudes have been examined
in a small number of studies, and findings are generally consistent with ideas about the relation of
language use and cognition outlined above: describing an attitude object can evoke a linguistic
representation of the attitude object, and bias the speaker's subsequent representation of (i.e.,
attitude towards) the attitude object.
In a series of experiments, Eiser and his colleagues (Eiser & Ross , 1977; Eiser & Pencer,
1979) instructed some subjects to write essays on capital punishment containing words that were
pro-capital punishment and negative in connotation (e.g., irresponsible, indecisive, romanticising)
and others to include words that were anti-capital punishment and negative in connotation (e.g.,
barbaric, uncivilized). Based on a subsequent assessment, subjects' attitudes toward capital
punishment changed in the direction of the words they had included in their essays. Analogous
results have been obtained by T. Wilson and Schooler (1991; T. Wilson et al., 1993), who had
subjects choose one item from a set of alternatives (brands of jam, college courses, or wall posters).
Compared to their no verbalization controls, choices of subjects instructed to verbalize the reasons
for their choices were suboptimal (relative to expert opinion), and biased in the direction of the
reasons they had generated. T. Wilson and Schooler (1991) suggest that people asked to describe
the reasons for their preferences may tend to focus on attributes of the attitude object that are easy
to verbalize. As a result, the reasons they generate may not be representative of the actual sources
of their initial attitudes. Such effects of language use on attitude change appear to be relatively
shortlived. After six days, Eiser and Pancer's (1979) subjects had reverted to their original attitudes
toward capital punishment. Similarly, after 25 days subjects in T. Wilson et al's. (1993)
verbalization condition were more likely to regret their choices than the no verbalization controls.
On the other hand, studies by Higgins, McCann and their colleagues found effects of language use
on attitudes toward a fictitious individual increased over time (e.g., McCann, Higgins, &
Fondacaro, 1992). It may be that the modified attitudes in the Eiser and Pancer and T. Wilson et
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al. studies eroded over time as the individual assimilated counter-attitudinal information in the
course of day-to-day experiences. Subjects in the McCann et al. studies were unlikely to encounter
counter-attitudinal messages.
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