Other Professional Activities: Sworn Attorney.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Ilgvars Krastiðø
Vice Dean, Associate Professor
Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science
Phone: 7224721
Born: 18 April 1928, Talsi region, Dundaga
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Laws (Dr.iur.) 1992; Candidate of Laws 1969; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1972.
Career: University of Latvia: Vice Dean since 1976; Associate Professor of the Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science 1972; Senior Lecturer 1963-1972; Part-time Lecturer 1957-1962; Head of the Law Department at the Riga Executive Committee 1952-1962.
Studies and Upgrading: Faculty of Law of the Moscow State University 1970, 1975, 1978. Faculty of Law of the Latvian State University 1953.
Teaching and Research: theory of law, sociology of law, topical problems of law, clerical work at state institutions. Municipality problems, problems of the theory of law (legal consciousness, juridical culture), issues of legislative and legal terminology.
Publications: 50 in Latvian, Russian, main 2 monographs: "Legal Doctrines", Riga, 1996; "City Councils in contemporary circumstances", Riga, 1972; textbooks: "The Theory of State and Law", Riga, 1985; "Fundamental Concepts of the Theory of Law" (4 editions), Riga, 1993-1996; articles on the problems of legal consciousness and legal culture, legislation, legal terminology; co-author of several encyclopedias.
Other Professional Activities: Associate Professor of the Defence Academy of Latvia.
Interests: music, motoring.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Uldis Krastiðø
Head of the Department, Professor
Department of Criminal Law
Phone: 7224070
Born: 8 February 1933, Madonas region, Îaudonas rural community
Academic Degrees: Habilitated Doctor of Laws (Dr. habil. iur.) 1995; Doctors of Laws (Dr. iur.) 1992; Candidate of Laws 1979; Professor of the University of Latvia 1995; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1985.
Career: University of Latvia: Head of the Department of Criminal Law since 1985; Professor since 1995; Associate Professor 1985-1995; Lecturer 1979-1985;
Justice of the Supreme Court Criminal Law Collegium of the Latvian SSR 1963-1985; Judge of the People's Court of Saldus region 1957-1963.
Studies and Upgrading: seminar in criminology in Erfurt, Germany 1994; Moscow State University 1988; participated with reports in many scientific conferences and seminars in Berlin, Muenster, Erfurt, Stockholm, Tartu, Vilnius, Riga; postgraduateship at the Latvian State University 1974-1979. Law Department of the Faculty of Economics of the Latvian State University 1957.
Teaching and Research: criminal procedure, legal protection of nature, criminal law, theoretical fundamentals of qualification of crimes. Legal protection of nature by criminal law, problems of corpus delicti.
Publications: 150 in Latvian, Russian, German, English, main: "Nature and Criminal Law", Riga, 1984; "Damages to Nature should be adjusted", Riga, 1988; "Theory of Corpus Delicti", Riga, 1994; co-author "Commentaries of the Criminal Code of the Latvian SSR", Riga, 1982; textbooks: "Legal Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments", Riga, 1981; "Administrative Responsibility for the Violation of Legislation on Nature Protection", Riga, 1987; "Qualification of Crimes against Natural Resources", Riga, 1987 (in Russian); "Criminal Law", Riga, 1994.
Other Professional Activities: Professor of the Police Academy of Latvia since 1995; Board Member of the Judges Training Centre of Latvia since 1995; Member of the Workshop drafting the Criminal Code of the Republic of Latvia 1990-1996; Member of the Scientific Consultative Council of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia 1985; Member of the Central Council of the Association of Nature and Monuments of Latvia 1977-1985.
Interests: philately, angling.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Rolands Krauze
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7229384
Born: 21 May 1930, Riga
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Laws (Dr.iur.) 1992; Candidate of Laws 1978; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1977.
Career: University of Latvia: Associative Professor of the Department of Civil Law since 1977; Member of the Supreme Court 1962-1976; Judge of the town of Jurmala 1958-1962; Court Inspector of the Ministry of Justice 1956-1958.
Studies and Upgrading: Appellatte Court practice in Bremen, Germany, 1995; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1955.
Teaching and Research: civil law, liability law, housing law, inheritance law. Problems of inheritance law.
Publications: 50 in Latvian, Russian, main: monograph "Inheritance Law in the Republic of Latvia", Riga, 1994; "Commentary on Housing Law", Riga, 1993; "Commentary on Inheritance Law", Riga, 1993.
Other Professional Activities: Justice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia since 1994; Senator since 1995; Lecturer at the Judge Training Centre; Lecturer at the Legal Information Centre; Lecturer of the Municipality Training Centre; co-author of the elaboration of the Commentary of Civil Law; Member of the Workshop elaborating the draft on the reestablishment of inheritance law, etc.
Interests: classical music.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Gunârs Kusiðø
Lecturer
Department of State Law
Phone: 7087154, 7229258
Born: 14 May 1963, Riga
Career: University of Latvia: Lecturer of the Department of State Law since 1992; Lecturer of the Department of State and International Law 1989-1992; Head of the Juridical Office of Saeima since 1993; Consultant of the Legislative Commission of the Supreme Council 1990-1993.
Studies and Upgrading: training for the lawyers of the associate states of the European Council in Brussels 1996; research program at the Institute of Political Science of Oslo University 1991; delivered lectures and reports at international conferences: Oslo 1994; Tallinn 1996. Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1989.
Teaching and Research: state law, constitutional law, technique of legislation. Problems of direct democracy, problems of people's government.
Publications: 8 in daily press and scientific literature, main: "Constitutional Law" in the book "Fundamentals of Democracy", Riga, 1993; "Property Rights in Constitutional Legislation in the Regulation in the Republic of Latvia", in the collection of articles "Property Rights: Constitutional Protection and Public Regulations", Oslo, 1994; "How to improve the Satversme of Latvia:, Juristu Ýurnâls, Nr.4; "Latvia's Constitutional Provisions for the Formation of Parliament" in the Collection "Constitution as a Legal Base for a System and Functions of Organs of the State" (the 4th Baltic-Norwegian Conference on Constitutional Issues), Tallinn, 1996.
Other Professional Activities: cooperating in drafting many laws in the area of constitutional law; Member of the Lawyers Association of Latvia.
Interests: windsurfing.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English.
Gunârs Kútris
Lecturer
Department of Criminal Law
Phone: 7224070, 7211148
Born: 12 November 1960, Alúksne region
Academic Degrees: Master of Laws 1994.
Career: University of Latvia: Lecturer of the Department of Criminal Law since 1990; Senior Lecturer 1985-1990; Head of the Criminalistics Laboratory 1982-1984;
Director of the State Income Service of the Financial Police Department since 1986; Senior Prosecutor of the Information Department of the General Prosecutors Office of the Republic of Latvia 1990-1996.
Studies and Upgrading: National Academy of the FIB in the United States 1994; Latvia State University 1983.
Teaching and Research: law enforcement institutions, methods of a prosecutor's activities, criminalistics. Methods of criminal investigation, functions of the prosecutors office.
Publications: 9 in Latvian, Russian, main: "Investigative Nature of Preliminary Investigation", (in Russian), Riga, 1985; "On Separate Court Evidences and Concepts", (in Russian), Tartu, 1989; "Special Legislation for the Elimination of Organized Crime" in "Kriminoloåiskais biîetens" Nr. 22, 1995; co-author of the textbook "Propaideutics of Criminalistics or Introduction in Criminalistics", Riga, 1992.
Other Professional Activities: Lecturer at the Business Institute "RIMPAK Livonija"; Member of the Discussion Club of Lawyers and Journalists; Lawyers Association of Latvia; Expert of the Commission to license the spreading of erotic and pornographic materials and the Commission of Expertises (Ministry of Culture).
Interests: information of the origins of the prosecutors office, floriculture (collection of varieties of gladioluses and tulips).
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English.
Jânis Lazdiðø
Lecturer
Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science
Phone: 7227303
Born: 29 April 1966, Riga
Academic Degrees: Master of History 1995; Bachelor of Laws 1995.
Career: University of Latvia: Lecturer of the Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science since 1995.
Studies and Upgrading: Rostock University 1996; Post-graduate Student at the University of Latvia 1996; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1995.
Teaching and Research: history of Latvia's law. Rights of peasants in the Baltics in the 19th century.
Publications: co-author of the textbook: "Concepts and their explanations in the History of Laws of Medieval Latvia and Europe", Riga, 1996.
Interests: sport games (basketball - sport class 1), travelling.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Mâris Lejnieks
Assistant
Department of International and Maritime Law
Phone: 7229186
Born: 15 January 1969, Riga
Academic Degrees: Master of Laws 1995; Bachelor of Laws 1993.
Career: University of Latvia: Assistant of the Department of International and Maritime Law since 1993.
Studies and Upgrading: Konigsluter, Germany 1995; Academy of European Law in Florence, Italy 1994; Oslo University 1996; postgraduateship at the University of Latvia 1996; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1993.
Teaching and Research: international public laws, international maritime law. Maritime procedural law.
Publications: 8, main: "Occupation as a trump in the Hands of Russia ?", in the newspaper "Labrìt", 16 March 1994; "New Maritime Code", in the newspaper "Dienas Bizness", 16 September 1994; "Transactions with Ships", in the newspaper "Dienas Bizness", 28 September 1994; "Procedural Norms of the Latvian Maritime Law" seminar "The Baltic Sea Yesterday, Today, Tomorrow ", Riga, 1995.
Other Professional Activities: Deputy Head of the Maritime Law Association of Latvia.
Interests: "Life is made beautiful by ..."
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English, German, French.
Aivars Lìcis
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7229384
Born: 4 January 1944, Jelgava
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Laws (Dr.iur.) 1992; Candidate of Laws 1988.
Career: University of Latvia: Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law since 1987; Researcher of the Law Sector of the University of Latvia 1974-1978; Lecturer of the Technical University of Latvia 1978-1987; Senior Economist of the Computing Center of the Ministry of Social Insurance 1972-1974.
Studies and Upgrading: the Institute of State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Moscow 1986-1988. Latvia State University 1972.
Teaching and Research: civil procedural laws. Improvement of civil procedural legislation.
Publications: 16 in Latvian, Russian, main: monograph "Organization of State Administration", Riga, 1984; textbooks: "Working Collective at a State Enterprise", Riga, 1990; "General Law Course. Fundamentals of Civil law and Employment Law", Riga, 1990.
Other Professional Activities: Associate Professor at the Faculty of Engineering Economics of the Riga Technical University; Sworn Attorney at the Collegium of Sworn Attorneys of Latvia.
Interests: travelling, relaxation in the open air.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English.
Lauris Liepa
Assistant
Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science
Phone: 7225453, 7222794
Born: 21 August 1971
Academic Degrees: Bachelor of Laws 1993.
Career: University of Latvia: Assistant of the Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science since 1993.
Studies and Upgrading: Muenster, Germany 1994; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1993.
Teaching and Research: history of law philosophy, positivism of law. Problems of the history of law philosophy.
Publications: Sagatavoøanâ "Business in Central and Eastern Europe", Latvia.
Other Professional Activities: Assistant of a Sworn Attorney, Lawyer in the Law Bureau "Heidelberga".
Interests: sports (slalom, swimming), music, art, architecture.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English, German.
Valentija Liholaja
Associate Professor
Department of Criminal Law
Phone: 7224070
Born: 24 August 1942, Kraslava region
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Laws (Dr.iur.) 1992; Candidate of Laws, Moscow State University 1979, Associate Professor of the University of Latvia since 1991.
Career: University of Latvia: Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law since 1991; Lecturer 1986-1991; Prosecutor's Office and the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Latvia 1967-1986.
Studies and Upgrading: the Ministry of Justice 1975, 1979; Latvia State University 1967.
Teaching and Research: special part of criminal law, theoretical fundamentals of the qualification of the crimes. Offenses which threaten public order, public security and health of the population (criminal offenses in transport, unlawful activities with narcotics, poisons) and on the effectiveness of the norms of criminal law, its criteria.
Publications: 21 in Latvian, Russian, main: textbooks "Criminal Responsibility for Unlawful Activities with Narcotics, Poisons and Toxic", Riga, 1992; "Criminal Responsibility for Stealing a Mechanical Vehicle", Riga, 1975; articles "Transport Crimes: System and Types", "Criminal Responsibility for the Violation of Transport Safety Rules", "Organized Crime and Criminal Law".
Interests: books, needlework, gardening.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English.
Edgars Meîæisis
Head of the Department, Professor
Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science
Phone: 7227303
Born: 27 August 1929, Valmiera region, Skaðkalne
Academic Degrees: Habilitated Doctor of Laws (Dr. habil. iur.) 1993; Doctor of Laws 1975; Candidate of Laws 1963; Professor of the University of Latvia 1978; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1969.
Career: University of Latvia: Head of the Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science since 1989; Prorector of the Latvia State University 1980-1988; Professor, Head of the Department 1975-1980; Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer, Assistant 1962-1975.
Studies and Upgrading: Muenster University, Germany 1991; Doctor Degree Program at the University of Latvia 1975; postgraduateship at the University of Latvia 1968. Latvia State University 1962.
Teaching and Research: history of law and political science, fundamentals of political science, history of law philosophy, interpretation of law norms. History of law and philosophy of politics, mechanism of the implementation of constitutional law, renewal of Latvia's independence and development of democracy.
Publications: 120 in Latvian, Russian, German, English, Czech, main: "People's Control", Riga, 1969; co-author of the book "Political Views of Garlibs Meræeîis", Riga, 1972.
Other Professional Activities: participating in the elaboration of the draft laws (on Saeima elections, Constitutional Court, Highschool law, etc.); Senator of the University of Latvia; Head of the Constitutional Commission of the Senate of the University of Latvia; Member of the Dome of the Faculty of Law; Vice President of the Lawyers Association of Latvia; Head of the Association of Lawyers - Lecturers and practitioners "Ratio legis".
Interests: philosophy, nature, sea.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Ârija Meikaliøa
Associate Professor
Department of Criminal Law
Phone: 7224070
Born: 25 May 1952, Saldus
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Laws (Dr.iur.) 1995; Master of Laws 1994.
Career: University of Latvia: Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law since 1996; Lecturer 1995-1996; Associate Professor of the Police Academy of Latvia since 1996; Head of the Department of Criminal Law since 1994; Lecturer 1991-1994; Head of the Investigation Sector of the Riga Investigation Department; Investigator of the Investigation Department of the Ministry of Interior 1988-1991; Head of the Investigation Department of Talsi 1983-1988; Senior Investigator of the Investigation Department of Saldus, Investigator 1975-1983.
Studies and Upgrading: postgraduateship at the Moscow research institute of Problems of enforcement of law and legal order 1986. Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1975.
Teaching and Research: law enforcement institutions, criminal procedure, problems of preliminary investigation, criminal policy. Safety means of the criminal procedure reglamentation in Latvia's legislation, attainment of effectiveness in the investigation and detection of economic crimes, problems of guaranteeing safety to witnesses in a criminal procedure.
Publications: 10 in Latvian, main: monograph "Safety Means of Criminal Procedural Reglamentation in Latvia's Legislation", Riga, 1995; textbooks "Procedural Documents of Preliminary Investigations", Riga, 1996; "A Collection of Cases in Criminal Procedure", Riga, 1996; "Arrest", Riga, 1995; "Summary Proceedings", Riga, 1995; article "Handing over to the Police Supervision" in the journal "Latvijas Vèstnesis", Nr.2, 1996.
Other Professional Activities: Head of the state-funded scientific research "Attainment of Effectiveness in the Investigation and Detection of Economic Crimes" since 1996; Associate Professor of the Police Academy of Latvia and the National Defence Academy of Latvia; Colonel of police since 1996.
Interests: travelling, crosswords.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Zigurds Mikainis
Head of the Department, Associate Professor
Department of State Law
Phone: 7229258
Born: 24 February 1936, Bauska
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Philosophy 1993; Candidate of Philosophy 1972; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1978.
Career: University of Latvia: Head of the Department of State Law since 1994; Head of the Department of Social Sciences (later Politology) of the Riga Medicine Institute 1985-1991; Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer of the Department of Social Sciences of Latvia State University 1970-1985.
Studies and Upgrading: Denmark 1994; Moscow State University 1987, 1979; Rostock University 1976; Kiev State University 1974; postgraduateship at Latvia State University 1967-1970; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1967; delivered reports at scientific conferences in Lozanna 1994; Tartu 1995; Tallinn 1996; Budapest 1996.
Teaching and Research: constitutional law of Latvia; constitutional law; international private law. Social views of Janis Rainis, development of human rights institution in Latvia; ombudsman institution, constitutional supervision and court.
Publications: 55 in Latvian, Russian, English, main: monograph "Rainis - an internationalist and patriot", Riga, Liesma 1983; "Views of Rainis on the State", "Izglìtìba", 1991; "Ombudsman Institution" in the Collection "Satversme - pro and con", Riga, 1995; "Protection of Citizen and human rights in the Republic of Latvia" in the Collection "International Conference on Human and Civic Rights", Tallinn, 1995; "Constitution of the Republic of Latvia and the Development of the Constitutional Court in Latvia", in the Collection "Constitution as a legal Base for a System and Functions of Organs of the State" (The 4th Baltic-Norwegian Conference on Constitutional Issues), Tallinn, 1996.
Other Professional Activities: Lawyers Association of Latvia; Member of Dome of the Riga Latvians Association; Associate Professor of the National Defence Academy of Latvia.
Interests: fiction, theatre, sports competitions.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English, Lithuanian, German.
Aivars Niedre
Associate Professor
Department of Criminal Law
Phone: 7283358
Born: 29 January 1931, Tukums region
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Laws (Dr.iur.) 1992; Candidate of Laws 1972; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1976.
Career: University of Latvia: Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law since 1976; Senior Lecturer 1972-1976; Part-time Lecturer 1968-1972.
Studies and Upgrading: Denmark 1991; Upgrading Courses of the USSR Ministry of Justice in Moscow 1988, 1980; Latvia State University 1955.
Teaching and Research: criminal law, criminology. Problems of juvenile delinquents, crime recidivism, problems of the Special Part of criminal law.
Publications: 200 in Latvian, Russian, main: "Commentaries of Criminal Law", Riga, 1995, 1982; co-author of the textbooks: "Diversity of Crimes", Riga, 1991; "Crimes in Business", Riga, 1990.
Other Professional Activities: the Lawyers Association of Latvia; Head of the Council of Sworn Attorneys of Latvia since 1978; Head of the Workshop of the elaboration of the draft of the Criminal Law of the Republic of Latvia.
Interests: theatre, work in the fields; detective literature.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Sanita Osipova
Assistant
Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science
Phone: 7227303
Born: 26 September 1968, Riga
Career: University of Latvia: Assistant of the Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science since 1991.
Studies and Upgrading: Muenster University, Germany 1994; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1991; postgraduateship at the University of Latvia.
Teaching and Research: history of the nations of the Baltic Area, history of European law, general state science, ancient states and law, Moslem law. Luebeck Law of the Hansa cities.
Publications: co-author of the textbook "Concepts and their Explanations in the History of Laws of Medieval Latvia and Europe", Riga, 1996.
Other Professional Activities: Lecturer of RIMPAK "Livonija" 1993-1994, Lecturer at the upgrading courses for teachers; Member of "Ratio legis".
Interests: psichology, history of religion, sociology, philosophy, history of political thought.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German
Sandis Petroviàs
Assistant
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7229384
Born: 16 April 1973, Cèsis
Academic Degrees: Bachelor of Laws 1995.
Career: University of Latvia: Assistant of the Department of Civil Law since 1995.
Studies and Upgrading: Master's Program of the University of Latvia 1995; Faculty of Law of the University of Latvia 1995.
Teaching and Research: civil law (liability law). Problems of transport legislation.
Other Professional Activities: Official at "The Bureau of Sworn Attorney Egils Radziðø".
Interests: music, sport.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English.
Agra Reigase
Associate Professor
Department of Criminal Law
Phone: 7224070
Born: 26 December 1938, Riga
Academic Degrees: Master of Laws 1994.
Career: University of Latvia: Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law 1990; Senior Lecturer 1969-1990; Assistant 1965-1969.
Studies and Upgrading: International Summer School in Human Rights in Warsaw, Poland 1994; Ministry of Justice of the Latvia SSR 1987; Moscow State University 1983, 1974, 1973; the Supreme Court of the Latvia SSR 1978; Faculty of Economics and Law of the Latvia State University 1965.
Teaching and Research: criminal law (general part), court system, analysis of the 1933 Penal Law of Latvia. Problems of the general part of criminal law, problems of the history of criminal law of Latvia.
Publications: 50 in Latvian, Russian, German, main: "Determination of Punishment for Crimes against Natural Resources", in the book "Ecological Crimes", Riga, 1990; "Criminal Legislation in Latvia: yesterday, today, tomorrow", "Juristu Ýurnâls" Riga, 1995, No 3; articles in "Research Papers of the University of Latvia" (in Russian): "Problems of Criminal Law in Latvia in 1940", 1975; "Criminal Law in Latvia in 1917-1919", 1976; "Damage to a Detained Person ", 1980; "History of the Origin of the Criminal Code of the Latvia SSR", 1982; textbooks "Problems of the General Part of Criminal Law as Reflected in the Supreme Court Plenary Decision", Riga, 1973; "Criminal Law in Latvia in 1917-1919", Riga, 1976; "Suspended Sentences of Juveniles", Riga, 1980.
Other Professional Activities: Member of the Workshop of the elaboration of the draft of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Latvia; reviews on the draft laws to the Cabinet and Saeima.
Interests: floriculture, gardening, theatre.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Jânis Rozenbergs
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7229384
Born: 16 April 1936, Alúksne
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Laws (Dr.iur.) 1992; Candidate of Laws 1968; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1974.
Career: University of Latvia: Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law since 1970; Senior Researcher 1976-1979; Senior Lecturer 1969-1970; Assistant 1961-1964, 1967-1969.
Studies and Upgrading: International Summer School in Human Rights in Warsaw, Poland 1994; Moscow State University 1973; Pedagogical Training Part Time University of the Ministry of Higher and Vocational Education of Latvia 1968-1971; postgraduateship at the Faculty of Law of Leningrad State University 1964-1967; Faculty of Economics and Law of the Latvia State University 1961; participated at international scientific conferences in Elva, Estonia, 1995; Bremen, Germany, 1996.
Teaching and Research: civil procedure, employment law, notary office, juridical service, court power. Representation, procedural status of the parties in a civil case, arbitration court.
Publications: 50 in Latvian, Russian, English, German, main: 3 monographs (in Russian) "Representation in Civil Procedure", 1974; "The Development of Civil Procedural Representation Institution" (a chapter in the collective monograph "Actual problems of the Theory and Practice of Civil Procedure"), 1979; "Representation in Court and Arbitration in Civil Cases", 1981; co-author of 3 textbooks, 4 encyclopedias, 8 collections of articles.
Other Professional Activities: Member of the Workshop of the elaboration of the draft of trade union rights, collective agreement, holidays and red-letter days, employment disputes commissions (1991), court power (1992), the Code of Criminal Procedure (since 1993); Member of the Scientific Consultative Council of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia since 1972; Head of the Juridical Bureau and the Member of the Council of the Latvia's National Department of the International Human Rights Association (1990-1995); Member of the Council of the UN Latvia's Association; Member of the Arbitration Council of the Trade and the Industry Chamber of Latvia; Member of the Lawyers Association of Latvia; member of Scientists Union of Latvia; lecturer of the National Defence Academy of Latvia.
Interests: chess, voleyball.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Jânis Rozenfelds
Associate Professor
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7229384, 7830063
Born: 15 June 1946, Riga
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Laws (Dr.iur.) 1993; Candidate of Laws, Moscow State University 1981; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1982.
Career: University of Latvia: Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law since 1982; Assistant 1971-1978.
Studies and Upgrading: Wisconsin University in Madison 1995; CEELI courses in Cracow, Poland 1993; Sidney 1993; Melbourne University, Monash University 1992; Moscow State University 1975, 1987; postgraduateship at the Faculty of Law at the Moscow State University 1978-1980; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1969.
Teaching and Research: civil law, Roman civil law, law of intellectual property, estate law. Problems of transactions, estate law, intellectual property law.
Publications: 30 in Latvian, Russian, English, main: textbooks "Estate Law", Riga, 1994; editor and co-author "Competition. Obligations which arise in connection with the saving of socialist property. Obligations which arise from the groundless receiving or economizing property", commentaries of the Civil Code of the Latvia SSR, Riga, 1979; "Legal regulation of transactions of the Latvia SSR", Riga, 1981; "Confiscation. Moratorium. Representation. Personal Non-property Rights. Patronage. Physical Person", LPE, 1981, 1986, 1987; "Inheritance Law of the Latvia SSR", Riga, 1990; "Prescriptive Obtaining of Property", in the newspaper "Neatkarìgâ Cìða", 1991; "Laws of the Republic of Latvia ..." (co-authors Ilma Àepâne, Jânis Rozenbergs), Riga, 1992; "Problems of legislation on privatization in Latvia", Wirtschafts-und Gesellschaftsrecht Osteuropas im Zeichen des Uebergangs zur Marktwirtschaft. Redaction: Wolfgang Seifert. C.H. Becksche Verlagsbuchhandlung. Muenchen, 1992; "Latvia: Legislation and Denationalization of Land", The Law Institute journal, Australia, Victoria, May, 1993.
Other Professional Activities: Member of the Presidium of the Lawyers. Association of Latvia; sworn attorney at the attorneys bureau "Bluæis, Elksne un Rozenfelds").
Interests: volleyball, swimming, tennis, traveling.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English.
Voldemârs Smilgainis
Associate Professor
Department of Criminal Law
Phone: 7224070
Born: 24 May 1930, Tukums region
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Laws (Dr.iur.) 1992; Associate Professor 1984; Candidate of Laws, Leningrad State University 1980.
Career: University of Latvia: Associate Professor of the Department of Criminal Law since 1984; Senior Lecturer 1978-1984; Head of the Criminalistics Laboratory and Part-time Lecturer 1966-1978.
Studies and Upgrading: Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Latvia 1987; Court Expertise and Criminology Research Laboratory of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Latvia 1984; Moscow State University 1980; Latvia State University 1965.
Teaching and Research: criminalistics, forensic psychology, criminalistic methodology on the investigation of particular crimes. Criminalistics, forensic psychology.
Publications: 46 in Latvian, Russian, German, main: "Examination of the Accused", Riga, 1970; "Examination", Riga, 1974; "Tactics of Planning and Producing Evidence to the Accused", Riga, 1984; "Tactics and Technique of Videos", Riga, 1987; "Psychology of the Inspection of the Place of the Incident", Riga, 1988; "Psychology of the Evidence of a Witness", Riga, 1995.
Other Professional Activities: Consultant of Rigas Dome; reviews on the performance of laws and legislative acts by the Riga municipality institutions and enterprises.
Interests: psychology, ethics, motoring, gardening.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Jânis Strautmanis
Professor
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7229384
Born: 12 August 1927, Kuldìga
Academic Degrees: Habilitated Doctor of Laws (Dr. habil. iur.) 1992; Doctor of Laws, Moscow State University 1971; Candidate of Laws, Moscow State University 1960; Professor of the University of Latvia 1972; Associate Professor of the Latvia State University 1964.
Career: University of Latvia: Professor of the Department of Civil Law since 1972; Head of the Department of Civil Law and Civil Procedure 1964-1991; Associate Professor 1964; Senior Lecturer 1953; Prosecutor of the Civil Cases Department of the Prosucutor's Office of the Latvia SSR 1952-1958.
Studies and Upgrading: postgraduateship at the Law Faculty of the Moscow State University; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1947.
Teaching and Research: land law, natural resources law, legal protection of nature, civil law of the countries of people's democracy, collective farms law, agrarian and ecological law. Topical problems of the legal protection of Latvia's environment and improvement of the legislation of environment protection, problems of the development of agrarian legislation.
Publications: 130 in Latvian, Russian, English, main: 10 monographs "Fundamentals of Soviet Land Law", Riga, 1975; "Fundamentals of Soviet Collective Farm Law", Riga, 1973; "Legal Status of the Property Relations of Collective Farms" (in Russian), Riga, 1970; "Prognosis of the Legislation on Scientific Technical Progress and Nature Protection" (in Russian), Riga, 1983; "Environmental Law of the Republics of the Baltic Sea Area" an article in the monograph "North European Enviromental Law", Helsinki, 1995.
Other Professional Activities: Member of the Scientists Union of Latvia; Member of the Professors Association; Member of the Specialized Scientific Council of the Institute of State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of the USSSR 1976-1990; participates in the work of the Legal Terminology Commission of the Academy of Sciences of Latvia and in the elaboration of draft laws of the republic, for example, "Draft Law on Environmental Protection of the Republic of Latvia", "Regulation on the City Land Reform", "Draft Law on the Use and Exploitation of Land"; Professor of the Police Academy of Latvia and the National Defence Academy of Latvia.
Interests: art, music, playing the violin.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English, German.
Aigars Strupiøs
Lecturer
Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science
Phone: 7227303
Born: 29 March 1967, Rèzekne region
Career: University of Latvia: Lecturer of the Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science since 1990.
Studies and Upgrading: Oslo University, Norway 1992-1993; Arhuus University, Denmark 1991; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1990.
Teaching and Research: general theory on state, introduction to public administration, introduction to political science, problems of institutionalization of legal norms.
Other Professional Activities: Director of the Social Economic Research Institute "Latvija" since 1994.
Interests: music.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English.
Valters Øulcs
Vice Dean, Associate Professor
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7224721
Born: 13 December 1929, Riga
Academic Degrees: Doctor of Laws (Dr. iur.) 1992; Candidate of Laws, Institute of State and Law of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR 1962; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1970.
Career: University of Latvia: Vice Dean of the Faculty of Law since 1990; Associate Professor of the Department of Civil Law since 1970; Dean of the Faculty of Law 1969-1976; Lecturer 1954-1970; Researcher of the Legal Sector of the Institute of Economics of the Academy of Sciences of the Latvia SSR 1958-1967; Methodist and Senior Secretary 1954-1958.
Studies and Upgrading: Sweden 1993; France 1993; Program of the American Bar Association at the Faculties of Law of the Universities of the USA in Washington, New York, North Dakota, Arkansas 1992; Germany 1991; New York, the USA 1990; England 1990; Poland 1989; Czechoslovakia 1986; Moscow, the USSR 1984; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1954; delivered reports at international scientific conferences in Harrogate, England 1990; New York, the USA 1990; Muenster, Germany 1991; Poitiers, France 1993.
Teaching and Research: civil law, Roman law, comparative law terminology, housing law. Legal status of cooperative organizations, sales contract.
Publications: 30 in Latvian, Russian, English, main: monographs "Legal Status of the Intercollective Farm Organizations of the Latvia SSR", Riga, 1961; "Sales Contract in Agriculture", Riga, 1968; coauthors of the books "Commentaries of Civil Code of the Latvia SSR", Riga, 1979; textbooks "Soviet Civil Law" Riga, 1978, 1986; "Dictionary of Legal Terminology (Latvian-Russian, Russian-Latvia, terminology of civil law), Riga, 1970, 1994; translation and editiorship of the book "US Department of Commerce, International Project Finance, Commercial Law Development Program for Central and Eastern Europe", Jurmala-Riga, 1994; legal editiorship of the books: V.Lauriðø "Banking - the Transnational Money Game" (in Latvian), Riga, 1995; "The White Paper and the Annex EU", (in Latvian), Riga, 1996.
Other Professional Activities: Editor of the English edition of the journal "Latvia in the World of Business" Riga, 1991, 1992; Editorial Consultant of the journal "Humanities and Social Sciences. Latvia", (in English), since 1994; Consultant of the Latvian Government Translation and Terminology Centre; translated reports at scientific conferences and guestlecturers' lectures at the Faculty of Law from English, German, French, Russian into Latvian and vice versa.
Interests: animal protection, tennis, classical music.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English, German, French, Latin.
Kalvis Torgâns
Head of the Department, Professor
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7229384
Born: 31 March 1939, Valka
Academic Degrees: Habilitated Doctor of Laws (Dr. habil. iur.) 1992; Doctor of Laws 1985; Candidate of Laws 1970; Professor of the University of Latvia 1987; Associate Professor of the Latvia State University 1974; Corresponding Member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences 1992.
Career: University of Latvia: Head of the Department of Civil Law since 1991; Professor 1985-1991; Associate Professor, Senior Researcher 1979-1985; Dean of the Faculty of Law 1976-1979; Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer, Assistant 1962-1976.
Studies and Upgrading: East-West Forum Florence, Italy 1994; Belgium 1994; Germany 1992; Indianapolis, the USA 1991; Faculty of Economics and Law of the Latvia State University 1962.
Teaching and Research: civil law (liability law), entrepreneurship, economic law, civil procedure. Contract law, entrepreneurship, commercial law, protection of the consumer rights.
Publications: 110 in Latvian, Russian, English, main: 17 books, co-author of 4 books, main: "Commentaries of the Liability Law in Civil Law", Riga, 1993, 1994; "Contracts in Entrepreneurship", Riga, 1992; "Rent and Lease", Riga, 1993; "Fundamentals of Economic Law", Riga, 1982; "Status and the Functions of the State Control, Public Prosecutor's Office and Courts of Economics in Latvia" in the collection "Constitution as a legal base for a system and functions of organs of the state" (The 4th Baltic-Norwegian Conference on Constitutional Issues), Tallinn, 1996.
Other Professional Activities: Member of the Presidium of the Lawyers Association of Latvia; Sworn Attorney at the attorneys bureau "Lejiðø, Edýiðø, Klebais un Vansoviàs"; Member of the Scientist Union of Latvia.
Interests: modern and classical music, theatre, volleyball.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English, German.
Jânis Vèbers
Dean of the Faculty of Law, Professor
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7223996, 7224721
Born: 1 May 1930, Jelgava
Academic Degrees: Habilitated Doctor of Laws (Dr. habil. iur.) 1992; Doctor of Laws, Moscow State University 1976; Candidate of Laws, Moscow State University 1963; Professor of the University of Latvia 1976; Associate Professor of the Latvia State University 1969; Full Member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences 1992; Corresponding Member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences 1990.
Career: University of Latvia: Dean of the Faculty of Law since 1984; Professor of the Department of Civil Law since 1976; Associate Professor 1969-1976; Senior Lecturer 1963-1976; Senior Secretary and Secretary 1954-1960.
Studies and Upgrading: Holland 1995; Germany 1992, 1995; Academy of European Law, Florence, Italy 1994; Humboldt University, Germany 1983; Etvesh Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary 1979; postgraduateship at the Faculty of Law of the Moscow State University 1960-1963; Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1954; delivered lectures at the Uppsala University, Sweden 1991; Helsinki University, Finland 1994; Academy of Justices, Germany 1996; delivered reports at scientific conferences , symposiums, seminars in Prague 1983; Oslo 1991, 1994; Dresden 1993; Riga 1995; Tallinn 1996.
Teaching and Research: civil law, family law. Problems of subject capacity, property, family law, problems of damage compensation and commercial law.
Publications: 150 in Latvian, Russian, English, German, Hungary, main: 4 monographs "Subject Capacity in Soviet Civil and Family Law" (in Russian), Riga, 1976; "Family Law", Riga, 1970; 5 textbooks: "Soviet Civil Law", Riga, 1979; "Family Law in the Latvia SSR", Riga, 1984; general editorship and co-author: "Commentaries of the Civil Code of the Latvia SSR", Riga, 1979; "Commentaries of the Marriage and Family Code of the Latvia SSR", Riga, 1984; article "Die Wiederherstellung und weitere Entwicklung der Privatrechtsordnung in der Republik Lettland", Baden-Baden, Germany, 1994; "Property Rights: Public Regulation in the Republic of Latvia" in the collection "Property Rights: Constitutional Protection and Public Regulation", Oslo, 1994; "Constitution (Satversme) of the Republic of Latvia - Basis for the Development of Institutions of Protection of Rights after Restoration of the Republic of Latvia", in the collection "Constitution as a legal base for a system and functions of organs of the state" (The 4th Baltic-Norwegian Conference on Constitutional Issues), Tallinn, 1996.
Other Professional Activities: Head of the Workshop of the Renewal of the 1937 Civil Code of the Republic of Latvia; participation and expertise of the elaboration of the Commercial Code and other draft laws of the Republic of Latvia; Member of the Consultative Council of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia; Chairman of the Presidium of the Scientific Methodological Council of the former Ministry of Higher and Secondary Specialized Education; Chairman of the Habilitation and Promotion Academic Council of Laws of the University of Latvia; Chairman of the Supervision Council of the Latvian Academy of Sciences; Member of the Council Awarding Doctor Degrees at Tartu University.
Interests: gardening, tourism, theatre.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Andis Zalpèteris
Lecturer
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7229384
Born: 15 October 1967, Riga
Academic Degrees: Master of Laws 1994.
Career: University of Latvia: Lecturer of the Department of Civil Law since 1996; Assistant 1992-1996; Senior Secretary 1991-1992; Head of the Department of State Property Fund 1994-1996; Chief Legal Consultant of the State Economic Department of the Ministry of Finance 1992-1994; Senior Reporter of the Ministry of Justice since 1994.
Studies and Upgrading: Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1992; Master's Program at the University of Latvia 1994.
Teaching and Research: civil law (estate and liability law), entrepreneurship, bankruptcy law. Problems of the legal regulation of real estate, problems of the insolvency of enterprises.
Other Professional Activities: Member of the Housing Privatization Commission of Jurmala and Riga; Head of the Department of State Property Fund.
Interests: sport games (basketball, tennis, football).
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English.
Ineta Ziemele
Acting Director of the Institute, Lecturer
Department of International and Maritime Law, Institute of Human Rights
Phone: 7229186; 7224633
Born: 12 February 1970
Academic Degrees: Master of International Laws (M.I.L.), Lund University, Sweden 1994; Bachelor of Laws 1993.
Career: University of Latvia: Acting Director of the Institute of Human Rights of the Faculty of Law 1995; Lecturer of the Department of International and Maritime Law since 1995; Assistant 1994-1995; Assistant of the Department of the Theory of Law and Political Science 1993-1995.
Studies and Upgrading: Doctor's Program at the Faculty of Law of Cambridge University, England, since 1995; Commission of the UN International Law 1996; the Hague Academy of International Law 1995; the Institute of Human Rights of the Abu/Turku University, Finland 1994; Faculty of Law of the Lund University, Sweden 1993-1994; the Institute of Political Sciences and the Faculty of Law of the Arhus University, Denmark 1993; the Institute of Political Sciences of the Uppsala University, Sweden 1992; the Institute of Political Sciences of the Oslo University, Norway 1991. Faculty of Law of the Latvia State University 1993.
Teaching and Research: introduction to political sciences, international organizations law, political organization of the European Union, international public law. Legal concept of state continuity in international law.
Publications: 11 in Latvian, English, main: "Succession or continuity of the Latvian State", in the journal "Latvijas Jurists", 1994, March; Commentary on the law "On International Contracts of the Republic of Latvia", in the journal "Juristu Ýurnâls", Riga, 1995, No 1; Latvia: International Organizations, International Contracts. "International Legal Status of the Republic of Latvia", Foreign Commission of the Saeima of the Republic of Latvia, Riga, 1995; International Human Rights Norms in the Nordic and Baltic Countries, "Incorporation and Implementation of Human Rights in Latvia", Kluwer Law International, Netherlands, 1996; Constitutional Reform in Latvia: pro and con, "The Rank of Civil Law in the Hierarchy of Legal Norms of Latvia", Social Economic Research Institute "Latvija", Riga, 1995; "European Council as Latvia's Partner in the European Processes", Institute of Foreign Affairs of Latvia, Riga, 1996.
Other Professional Activities: Adviser of Prime Minister, Adviser of the Cabinet, Member of the Lawyers Association of Latvia, Chairperson of the Latvia's Department of the International Lawyers Commission.
Interests: philosophy, tennis, volleyball, languages.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English, Swedish, French.
Reinhards Dombrovskis
Professor
Department of Criminal Law
Phone: 7224070
Born: 5 October 1934, Moscow
Academic Degrees: Habilitated Doctor of Laws (Dr. habil. iur.) 1992; Professor, University of Latvia 1992; Doctor of Laws, Kiev University 1991; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1975; Candidate of Laws 1974.
Career: University of Latvia: Professor of the Department of Criminal Law since 1992; Associate Professor 1975 - 1992; Senior Lecturer 1968-1975; Investigator at the Interior Ministry of Latvia 1956-1968.
Studies and Upgrading: Kiev University 1988; Moscow University 1970, 1976; Latvia State University 1956.
Teaching and Research: criminalistics. Problems of general theory of criminalistics, theoretical fundamentals of criminalistics, problems of theory of criminal procedure evidence.
Publications: 50 in Latvian and Russian, articles published in Riga, Tartu, Vilnius, St.Petersburg, Kaliningrad, Kiev, Ekaterinburg, Irkutsk.
Interests: books on philosophy, law, logic and ethics.
Languages: Latvian, Russian.
Uldis Krastišų
Head of the Department, Professor
Department of Criminal Law
Phone: 7224070
Born: 8 February 1933, Madonas region, Īaudonas rural community
Academic Degrees: Habilitated Doctor of Laws (Dr. habil. iur.) 1995; Doctors of Laws (Dr. iur.) 1992; Candidate of Laws 1979; Professor of the University of Latvia 1995; Associate Professor of the University of Latvia 1985.
Career: University of Latvia: Head of the Department of Criminal Law since 1985; Professor since 1995; Associate Professor 1985-1995; Lecturer 1979-1985;
Justice of the Supreme Court Criminal Law Collegium of the Latvian SSR 1963-1985; Judge of the People's Court of Saldus region 1957-1963.
Studies and Upgrading: seminar in criminology in Erfurt, Germany 1994; Moscow State University 1988; participated with reports in many scientific conferences and seminars in Berlin, Muenster, Erfurt, Stockholm, Tartu, Vilnius, Riga; postgraduateship at the Latvian State University 1974-1979. Law Department of the Faculty of Economics of the Latvian State University 1957.
Teaching and Research: criminal procedure, legal protection of nature, criminal law, theoretical fundamentals of qualification of crimes. Legal protection of nature by criminal law, problems of corpus delicti.
Publications: 150 in Latvian, Russian, German, English, main: "Nature and Criminal Law", Riga, 1984; "Damages to Nature should be adjusted", Riga, 1988; "Theory of Corpus Delicti", Riga, 1994; co-author "Commentaries of the Criminal Code of the Latvian SSR", Riga, 1982; textbooks: "Legal Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments", Riga, 1981; "Administrative Responsibility for the Violation of Legislation on Nature Protection", Riga, 1987; "Qualification of Crimes against Natural Resources", Riga, 1987 (in Russian); "Criminal Law", Riga, 1994.
Other Professional Activities: Professor of the Police Academy of Latvia since 1995; Board Member of the Judges Training Centre of Latvia since 1995; Member of the Workshop drafting the Criminal Code of the Republic of Latvia 1990-1996; Member of the Scientific Consultative Council of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Latvia 1985; Member of the Central Council of the Association of Nature and Monuments of Latvia 1977-1985.
Interests: philately, angling.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, German.
Kalvis Torgāns
Head of the Department, Professor
Department of Civil Law
Phone: 7229384
Born: 31 March 1939, Valka
Academic Degrees: Habilitated Doctor of Laws (Dr. habil. iur.) 1992; Doctor of Laws 1985; Candidate of Laws 1970; Professor of the University of Latvia 1987; Associate Professor of the Latvia State University 1974; Corresponding Member of the Latvian Academy of Sciences 1992.
Career: University of Latvia: Head of the Department of Civil Law since 1991; Professor 1985-1991; Associate Professor, Senior Researcher 1979-1985; Dean of the Faculty of Law 1976-1979; Associate Professor, Senior Lecturer, Assistant 1962-1976.
Studies and Upgrading: East-West Forum Florence, Italy 1994; Belgium 1994; Germany 1992; Indianapolis, the USA 1991; Faculty of Economics and Law of the Latvia State University 1962.
Teaching and Research: civil law (liability law), entrepreneurship, economic law, civil procedure. Contract law, entrepreneurship, commercial law, protection of the consumer rights.
Publications: 110 in Latvian, Russian, English, main: 17 books, co-author of 4 books, main: "Commentaries of the Liability Law in Civil Law", Riga, 1993, 1994; "Contracts in Entrepreneurship", Riga, 1992; "Rent and Lease", Riga, 1993; "Fundamentals of Economic Law", Riga, 1982; "Status and the Functions of the State Control, Public Prosecutor's Office and Courts of Economics in Latvia" in the collection "Constitution as a legal base for a system and functions of organs of the state" (The 4th Baltic-Norwegian Conference on Constitutional Issues), Tallinn, 1996.
Other Professional Activities: Member of the Presidium of the Lawyers Association of Latvia; Sworn Attorney at the attorneys bureau "Lejišų, Edżišų, Klebais un Vansoviąs"; Member of the Scientist Union of Latvia.
Interests: modern and classical music, theatre, volleyball.
Languages: Latvian, Russian, English, German.
VIZMANDS EBERLINS
# 49 - 19 ROPAZU STR.
RIGA LV1006 LATVIA
PHONE 7541580
EDUCATION Latvian University, 1967 -1973,
Department of Law
DEGREE Diploma - Lawyer
OBJECTIVE 1995 - Present Director, Legal Bureau "Eberlins & partneri",
Riga, Latvia
PROFESSIONAL EXPERIENCE
1993 - 1995 Director, Legal Department,
Joint -stock company "BANKA BALTIJA",
Riga, Latvia
1978 -1992 Head, Legal Department,
Ministry of Finance,
Riga, Latvia
1971 - 1978 Deputy director,
Insurance Department of Riga,
Riga, Latvia
1963 - 1971 Worker, Furniture Enterprise
Riga, Latvia
Riga, 16.09.1997
UNIVERSITY OF LATVIA
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