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Toshkent viloyati Chirchiq Davlat Pedagogika instituti yo’nalishi guruh talabasi _____________________________________ “Ingliz tili” fanidan MUSTAQIL ISHI MAVZU:______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ TEKSHIRDI:___________________________ Today’s cities of Uzbekistan are built up with apartment and single-storey houses of different periods: starting from model and experimental houses built before and after 1966, and ending with new buildings of certificate housing, better known as “bank houses”. But there are mahalyas (one-story districts), where traditional Uzbek houses on earth still exist. In this article you will learn about the traditional way of life of Uzbeks, and more specifically about the Uzbek housing. During the construction of housing, the Uzbek people took into account the relief and weather conditions. Therefore, each city had its own traditions. So, for example, in the Fergana Valley, considered to be a seismic zone, houses with double frames were erected, and in Khorezm, where there is no seismicity, houses were built with one frame. Or, for example, if in the Fergana Valley, because of the abundance of rain, clay laths (lumbaz) up to 40–50 cm thick are placed on the roofs of houses, then in Khorezm the thickness of lumbaz is no more than 10–15 cm, since here is much less rainfall. Although in different areas the housing construction of the Uzbeks differed in some originality, there were also general principles of architecture. Old settlements usually consisted of curves and narrow streets along which houses with no windows were built, surrounded by mud walls. All windows, both residential and outbuildings, went out only into the courtyard. In the better-off families, the premises in the Uzbek traditional house were divided into two parts - ichkari (internal), for children and women, and tashkari (mehmonhona), a more beautiful and richly furnished part for guests. Usually, most middle-income families were provided with a separate guest room (mehmonhona). The poor had not such a room. The planning of the dwelling houses of most families, which depended on the number of its members, included an aivan (shed), an utility room, a farmyard and a toilet in the yard. The opening of the entrance door was always low, so that people entering and leaving it would bend down, that is, make a bow, as the threshold of the house is considered sacred. A light bow helped to show respect for the house, its inhabitants and the country. The hot climate, sudden changes in temperature during the day and seasons are the main factors that must be considered when designing national housing in Uzbekistan. A building that can withstand overheating in summer and cooling in winter, and during periods of comfortable temperature, allows fresh air to penetrate as much as possible inside, perhaps ideal for living in Uzbekistan. Of course, the traditional Uzbek houses, thanks to the accumulated diversity of architectural and planning techniques, made it possible to organize the space and create a comfortable microclimate even on the hottest days rationally. The ventilation system, sun protection and the corresponding orientation of the buildings, thermal performance, watering and landscaping of the local area - all this contributed to creating maximum comfort for all family members. I know there are advantages to living in a modern apartment, but I"d prefer to live in a traditional house. My main reason is that I love traditional designs. They are graceful and warm and inviting. I think modern designs are very empty and sterile and not appealing. So, because of the way it looks, I"d choose a traditional house. I recognize the fact that a modern apartment is going to be in much better shape. Being new probably means all the plumbing works, the roof is not going to leak, the windows are properly sealed, and the kitchen appliances are in working order. A traditional house cannot guarantee any of that. In fact, it is likely that things will break down or need replacement, simply because of age. Still, if the appliances are old, so is the wood, and that is a big advantage as far as I am concerned. Very few new buildings have the kind of beautiful woods that were used years ago. It is something that cannot be copied. Space is always important to me, too. I need a lot of room for my home office, my clothes, and to display all the knickknacks I have picked up in my travels. I also like to have interesting space. I do not want all the rooms and windows the same size or a boxy design. A modern apartment usually comes in one size and shape. A traditional house is going to have a variety of spaces where I can put a little table or a window seat. And it will have lots of room, from basement to attic. These are all good reasons for me to prefer living in a traditional house. Some people love modern design, but it is not for me. The space and beauty of a traditional home are more important to me than having everything new and perfect.
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