Part II: Issues in Second-Language Learning
Content made available by Georgetown University Press, DigitalGeorgetown,
and the Department of Linguistics.
The Acquisitional Component of Interlanguage
Pragmatics
Kasper and Dahl (1991, 216) define interlanguage pragmatics as referring to non-
native speakers’ comprehension and production of pragmatics and how that L2-re-
lated knowledge is acquired. Although the number of studies that focus on the devel-
opment of interlanguage pragmatic competence is steadily growing, far more studies
have compared the production of advanced nonnative speakers to native speakers.
This imbalance was first observed by Kasper (1992) and has been addressed more re-
cently by others (e.g., Bardovi-Harlig 1999; Kasper and Rose 1999). The study of the
acquisition of L2 pragmatic knowledge addresses questions concerning measure-
ment (e.g., How can approximation to target language norms be measured?), devel-
opment (e.g., What are the stages of L2 pragmatic development? Is there a natural
route of development as evidenced by difficulty, accuracy, or acquisition orders or
discrete stages of development?), L1A and L2A comparisons (e.g., Is the develop-
ment of L2 pragmatics similar to learning a first language? Are there universals of
pragmatics, and do they play a role in interlanguage pragmatics?), variables (e.g., Do
children enjoy an advantage over adults in learning a second language? Does envi-
ronment make a difference?), and mechanisms of change (e.g., How do learners
move from one pragmatic stage to another? What mechanisms drive development
from stage to stage?) (see Kasper and Schmidt 1996).
Communication
Whether one continues to focus on speech acts or goes beyond them, it is important
to see pragmatics in the larger framework of communication. I adopt Canale’s (1983)
definition of communication because of its familiarity to both researchers and teach-
ers and because its formulation speaks directly to the investigation of L2 pragmatics.
Canale (1983, 3–4) writes:
Communication is understood here to have the following characteristics: it (a)
is a form of social interaction, and is therefore normally acquired and used in
social interaction; (b) involves a high degree of unpredictability and creativity
in form and message; (c) takes place in discourse and sociocultural contexts
which provide constraints on appropriate language use and also clues as to cor-
rect interpretation of utterances; (d) is carried out under limiting psychological
and other conditions such as memory constraints, fatigue and distractions; (e)
always has a purpose (for example, to establish social relations, to persuade, or
to promise); (f) involves authentic, as opposed to textbook-contrived, lan-
guage; (g) is judged as successful or not on the basis of actual outcomes.
Several points of Canale’s definition act as guideposts for (re)contextualization
of the study of L2 pragmatics: The emphasis on social interaction, context, on-line
limitations, and communicative outcomes emphasizes the need to study pragmatics
in conversation. Even allowing that experimental controls, such as production ques-
tionnaires, are sometimes desirable in L2 acquisition, Canale’s (1983) definition of
communication warns us away from the exclusively experimental.
CONTEXTUALIZING INTERLANGUAGE PRAGMATICS
67
Content made available by Georgetown University Press, DigitalGeorgetown,
and the Department of Linguistics.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: |