guesswork and intuition by taking wider contexts into consideration. Thus, abduction
is pragmatic, context-dependent, and based on similarity and relevance. Givón
(1989) claims that abduction is required to fully understand the meaning of an utter-
ance the speaker makes in a certain context. Abduction is closely associated with
metonymic inferencing.
Antilla (1972) suggests that there are two types of semantic transfer that result in
semantic changes: metaphor and metonymy. Metaphor is semantic transfer through a
similarity of sense perception, whereas metonymy is semantic transfer through conti-
guity. Metonymy points to or indexes covert meanings of a linguistic expression and
operates across interdependent syntactic constituents. Metaphoric change involves
specifying a thing, usually in an abstract domain, in terms of another in a more con-
crete domain, which is not present in the context. On the other hand, metonymic
change involves specifying one meaning of an expression in terms of another that is
present, but usually covert, in the context.
In a verbal interaction, abduction and metonymic inferencing give rise to conver-
sational implicatures, which are pragmatically associated with an utterance and are
inferred in context. These pragmatic meanings are “contiguous” to the conventional
meanings of an utterance. What happens at early stages of grammaticalization of a
lexical word is that the conversational implicatures associated with an utterance con-
taining that word become conventionalized by frequent use. Traugott refers to this
conventionalization as “pragmatic strengthening.” Traugott (1989, 1990) also sug-
gests that the direction of change at early stages of grammaticalization is the shift
from meanings grounded in objectively identifiable extralinguistic situations to
meanings grounded in text-making to meanings grounded in the speaker’s attitude to-
ward or belief about what is said. Thus, grammaticalization results in a semantic shift
from more to less objectified meanings or, in other words, from less subjectified to
more subjectified meanings. According to Traugott, the process of subjectification
plays a dominant role in grammaticalization.
Traugott and König (1991) argue that the development of grammaticalized con-
nectives such as
while, since,
and
rather than
results from metonymic processes. In
the following section, we discuss how metonymic processes play a role in the
grammaticalization of directional verbs into success markers in Thai.
Do'stlaringiz bilan baham: