Pernilla Hallonsten Halling

kanmar quietly[nom] ‘Sit quietly!’
nyina-ma!
sit-imp.ipfv
pred

In clear instances of adv, i.e. where other Verbs are used, case is assigned based on the type of Verb that is modified: intransitive Verbs trigger nominative case (just as in the pred example in 6.21), whereas transitive Verbs yield ergative case.

(6.22) Yankunytjatjara (Pama-Nyungan) (Goddard 1985: 29–30) [pred adv]

1. 
   kanmar-tu
   

quietly-erg

kuli-nma!
listen-imp.ipfv
adv

‘Listen quietly!’

2. 
   wati
   

man[nom]
wala

quickly[.nom]

yana-nyi
go-prs
adv

‘The man is going along quickly/slowly.’

Yankunytjatjara thus has a lexeme overlap of pred and adv, in the form of the active

Adjectives that take case according to the transitivity of the Verb with which they com- bine. This holds regardless of the function in which they occur (although pred necessarily contains an intransitive Verb, resulting in nominative case).
Four more languages have a lexeme overlap of the pred and adv functions, namely Jamsay (Dogon), Lakota (Siouan), Waiwai (Cariban), and Warekena (Arawakan) (see

sections 6.2.2 and 7.3 and appendix B for examples). All six languages with an overlap of pred and adv on the lexeme level are listed in table 6.5 along with the class type of the lexemes in question. Four of these languages (except Lakota and Warekena) are the

same as those languages that have a root overlap of used in these four languages consist of roots only.
pred and adv. Thus, the lexemes

Table 6.5. Languages with [pred adv] lexeme overlap

Languages Class type

Jamsay (Dogon) adverb
Lakota (Siouan) adverb
Mian (Nuclear Trans New Guinean) adverb_subset Waiwai (Cariban) adverb

Warekena (Arawakan) stative verb Yankunytjatjara (Pama-Nuyngan) adverb
As indicated in table 6.5, the Yankunytjatjara Active Adjectives instantiate adverbs as a comparative concept. Accordingly, the lexemes found in the overlap of pred and adv in five out of six languages are adverbs (simple or derived), whereas in the sixth case found in Warekena, they are stative verbs.

3. [attr adv] lexeme overlap

Only one language within the sample appears to have an overlap of attr and adv on the level of the lexeme, namely Mapudungun (Auracanian). These examples are marginal, since in pred, these items behave just like Verbs do in the same function (cf. Stassen 1997: 462). However, it does not seem possible to use Verbs in the same construction as Adjectives in attr. Adjectives precede the head that they modify in attr.
(6.23) Mapudungun (Auracanian) (Smeets 2008: 11) [attr adv]

1.