People-focused knowledge management

Learning Models: In the learning sciences, a large number of dif-
ferent types of individual learning have been distinguished; for
example, incidental learning, implicit learning, learning by reflec-
tion, simulation-based learning, case-based learning, learning by
exploring, and goal-directed learning.
Machine Learning: An area of AI research that investigates tech-
niques for creating computer programs that can learn from their
own experience.
Machine Translation: An area of AI research that attempts to use
computers to translate text from one language to another. Machine
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translation programs often use combinations of natural language
understanding and natural language generation techniques.
Menu-Based Natural Language: An approach to natural language
understanding in which the computer helps build a natural lan-
guage sentence by presenting “menus” (options lists) of choices
that are available in each context and allowing the user to select
the options that meet the user’s requirements.
Mental Model: The conceptual and operational representation in the
mind of situations, events, etc. that has been experienced or learned
from other sources. This is a “real mental model.” “Imaginary
mental models” result from thought experiments and self-imagined
situations. (See Chapter 3.)
Mental Reference Model: Mental model that can act as a principle,
guide, template, or example.
Metacognition: Cognition that reflects on, monitors, or regulates
first-order cognition (Kuhn 2000).
Metacognitive Reasoning: Reasoning that allows a person (or an
inanimate system) to know what it knows — and what it does 
not know.
Metaknowledge: Normally considered to be “knowledge about
knowledge” possessed by people or descriptions of knowledge in
a physical knowledge base. Much of a person’s metaknowledge is
tacit, which on the lowest conceptual level consists of procedural
metaknowledge and declarative metaknowledge. On a higher 
conceptual level, metaknowledge is metastrategic knowing con-
sisting of metastrategic knowledge, metatask knowledge, and
metacognitive knowing.