Conclusion
In its discussion of cultural aspects of written English, this chapter
largely focuses on the teaching of writing for academic purposes, specifi-
cally within the discipline of science. This focus is limited, but the
combination of genre analysis and process writing advocated above has
implications beyond the disciplinary boundaries used here for illustration.
A genre-based approach to language learning and teaching (whichever
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‘school’ of genre analysis is favoured) accepts that language use takes place
in social contexts and serves cultural purposes. Discourse communities can
effectively be viewed as subcultural groupings of different types – profes-
sional and social, transitory and enduring – in which individuals with
shared social goals develop conventional means of intercommunication to
further those goals. The goals may vary from knowledge-generation and
career progression within a professional discipline, to making and keeping
friends. The conventional means of communication – the genres – are also
ways of linguistically structuring the social values and experiences of the
discourse community. The learning of a language should recognise how
language use identifies the individual as a participant to varying degrees in
overlapping and differently structured discourse communities. Facility in
reading and writing the genres that serve the communities is often an index
of the degree of membership of the group, especially if the group is a pro-
fessional one. Genres can be spoken, written, or, indeed, spoken-to-be-
written (e.g. dictated letters) or written-to-be-spoken (prepared speeches,
newscasts, playscripts, etc.).
Writing itself is a special activity, since it has to be taught formally to
native speakers as well as to second-language learners. Current teaching
methodology favours a process approach, in which learners discover,
through trial-and-error, and with appropriate feedback from peers and
tutor, the appropriate language to accomplish a given task. The combina-
tion of process writing with a genre-based approach helps define the
nature of certain tasks (e.g. identifying, comparing, rewriting or even
parodying genres) and promotes effective intervention at the feedback and
redrafting stages, to help shape students’ writing in relation to the cultural
norms of the target discourse communities.
Culture and Written Genres
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Chapter 5
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