6.1 Perceiving Sounds
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thought to be one single photon of light, so we are basically tuned by evolution
to perceive down to the limit of our physical world.
Just Noticeable Difference
To perceive something we must
notice
it. Whatever aspect of sound we want to
measure the “just noticeable difference” (
JND
) is the smallest change that pro-
duces a perceptual effect. This measure is used in psychoacoustic experiments,
and is always relative to another value. So, we may ask, what is the smallest
frequency deviation from a 100Hz tone that we can notice? JND is most often
seen in connection with amplitude changes.
Localisation
As two eyes allow us to perceive depth of field through stereoscopic vision, so
a pair of ears allows us to locate sound sources according to the differences
between the received signals. Stated simply, four factors are attended to. Two
angles (normally given in degrees) specify the source direction, with the azimuth
angle placing the source on a circle around us and the elevation angle as a mea-
sure of where the sound lies above or below. Furthermore, the distance of the
object and its size are perceived as part of this stage. Small objects appear to
emit from a point source whilst large objects emit from a volumetric extent.
A general rule is that higher frequency sounds with sharp attacks are localised
better than low ones with soft attacks. We localise sounds best at their start
times, in the first few milliseconds of the attack transient. Sustained sounds
are harder to locate. Another rule is that we are better at localising sound in
a free space, outdoors, than in a small room where there are lots of reflections.
And one last general rule is that we perceive location better if we are able to
move our heads and get several takes on the sound. Tilting the head to get
better elevation perception, or turning to face the sound are important actions
in accurate localisation. Two phenomena are known to play a role:
interaural
time difference
and
interaural intensity difference
. Interaural means “between
the two ears,” so the first is a measure of the relative amplitudes arriving at
each ear (e.g., the action of
panning
in a stereo system). The second depends
on what we already know about propagation, that sound takes a finite time to
travel a distance in space. Both are combined in a model known as the
head
transfer function
.
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