4.4 Driven Oscillations and Resonance
51
them in the practical section. As a quick summary they fall into two classes, free
vibrating objects and objects under tension. Objects such as strings or drum
skins vibrate at a frequency related to their tension. This is intuitive from know-
ing that a drum skin can be tightened to give it a higher pitch. Free vibrating
objects depend upon Young’s modulus, the mass per area (or volume—given
as density) and their dimensions (thickness, length, etc). Objects supported in
one or more places tend to vibrate in fewer modes than their free equivalent,
since the support points must be nodes (stationary points). Classes of objects
commonly needed in sound design (and all known in engineering literature) are
square and circular membranes under tension, free square and circular plates,
equilateral triangular plates, and membranes, rods, bars and strings.
SECTION 4.4
Driven Oscillations and Resonance
We have used the term “natural frequency” in the preceding examples. And we
have seen that a system made of many distributed masses, or one with several
degrees of freedom, can vibrate at more than one frequency. In effect we have
taken for granted that because the system is uniform each point will have the
same natural frequency and all will move in sympathy. In reality most objects
are
heterogeneous
, made up of many parts with different natural frequencies. So
far we have considered what happens when a simple force is applied and then
removed from a system. The point at which the force is removed is sometimes
called the
initial condition
, and after that the system exhibits free vibration at
its natural simple harmonic frequency until the energy is lost through damping
and radiation.
Consider a different situation, which you can imagine as a complex sys-
tem broken apart into a connected set of simpler points. None is really free,
because it is coupled to the next point, and in this case we assume each point
has a different natural frequency. Let’s assume that one point (A) is vibrat-
ing strongly at its natural frequency. The adjacent point (B) undergoes
forced
vibration
. Point A is the driving oscillator and B vibrates as a driven oscillator.
It is a vibrating system under constant external excitation. Because the points
are coupled, from Newton’s laws we know that they can exchange forces. If
we could momentarily separate them, then the position of point B, which it
has been driven to by A, becomes its initial condition. Now, B can vibrate
freely, but at a different frequency from A, so eventually they would be out
of phase. Connecting them back together at this time would cause the forces
to cancel and vibration would stop. Now, this is just a thought exercise to see
how mutually coupled points behave. If the two points have different natural
frequencies then the kinetic and potential energy changes will not be in phase,
and we say that the second point offers an impedance to the first. Of course
the relationship between A and B is mutual. The combined amplitude of A
and B depends upon each other’s natural frequencies. If both points have the
same
natural frequency the conflicting forces become zero. In other words the
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